Human Anatomy

  1. The Skeletal System
    1. Functions of the Skeletal System
      1. Support
        1. Structural Framework
          1. Body Shape Maintenance
          2. Protection
            1. Vital Organ Protection
              1. Soft Tissue Protection
              2. Movement
                1. Muscle Attachment Sites
                  1. Lever Systems
                  2. Mineral Storage
                    1. Calcium Storage
                      1. Phosphate Storage
                        1. Mineral Homeostasis
                        2. Blood Cell Production (Hematopoiesis)
                          1. Red Bone Marrow
                            1. Blood Cell Types
                            2. Triglyceride Storage
                              1. Yellow Bone Marrow
                                1. Energy Storage
                              2. Bone Tissue (Osseous Tissue)
                                1. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
                                  1. Compact Bone Structure
                                    1. Osteons (Haversian Systems)
                                      1. Central (Haversian) Canal
                                        1. Concentric Lamellae
                                          1. Lacunae
                                            1. Canaliculi
                                            2. Perforating (Volkmann's) Canals
                                              1. Blood Vessel Pathways
                                                1. Nerve Pathways
                                                2. Interstitial Lamellae
                                                  1. Circumferential Lamellae
                                                  2. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone
                                                    1. Trabeculae
                                                      1. Structure
                                                        1. Arrangement
                                                        2. Bone Marrow Spaces
                                                          1. Red Marrow
                                                            1. Yellow Marrow
                                                        3. Bone Cells
                                                          1. Osteoblasts
                                                            1. Structure
                                                              1. Function
                                                                1. Bone Formation
                                                                2. Osteocytes
                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                    1. Function
                                                                      1. Bone Maintenance
                                                                      2. Osteoclasts
                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                          1. Function
                                                                            1. Bone Resorption
                                                                            2. Osteoprogenitor Cells
                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                1. Function
                                                                                  1. Differentiation
                                                                                2. Bone Matrix Composition
                                                                                  1. Organic Components
                                                                                    1. Collagen Fibers
                                                                                      1. Proteoglycans
                                                                                        1. Glycoproteins
                                                                                        2. Inorganic Components
                                                                                          1. Calcium Phosphate
                                                                                            1. Calcium Carbonate
                                                                                              1. Other Minerals
                                                                                          2. Classification of Bones by Shape
                                                                                            1. Long Bones
                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                2. Short Bones
                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                    1. Functions
                                                                                                    2. Flat Bones
                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                        2. Irregular Bones
                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                            2. Sesamoid Bones
                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                2. Sutural Bones
                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                    1. Location
                                                                                                                      1. Variation
                                                                                                                    2. Anatomy of a Long Bone
                                                                                                                      1. Diaphysis
                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                          1. Function
                                                                                                                          2. Epiphyses
                                                                                                                            1. Proximal Epiphysis
                                                                                                                              1. Distal Epiphysis
                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                2. Metaphyses
                                                                                                                                  1. Location
                                                                                                                                    1. Growth Plates
                                                                                                                                    2. Articular Cartilage
                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                                                                        2. Periosteum
                                                                                                                                          1. Outer Fibrous Layer
                                                                                                                                            1. Inner Osteogenic Layer
                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                              2. Medullary Cavity
                                                                                                                                                1. Location
                                                                                                                                                  1. Contents
                                                                                                                                                  2. Endosteum
                                                                                                                                                    1. Location
                                                                                                                                                      1. Function
                                                                                                                                                      2. Nutrient Foramina
                                                                                                                                                        1. Blood Vessel Entry Points
                                                                                                                                                          1. Nerve Entry Points
                                                                                                                                                        2. Bone Development and Growth
                                                                                                                                                          1. Ossification (Osteogenesis)
                                                                                                                                                            1. Intramembranous Ossification
                                                                                                                                                              1. Process
                                                                                                                                                                1. Bones Formed
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Timeline
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Endochondral Ossification
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Process
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bones Formed
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Timeline
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Growth in Length and Width
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Epiphyseal Plate Growth
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Appositional Growth
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hormonal Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Bone Remodeling and Repair
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Remodeling Process
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fracture Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hematoma Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Callus Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ossification
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Remodeling
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. The Axial Skeleton
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. The Skull
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cranial Bones
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Frontal Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Parietal Bones
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Temporal Bones
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Occipital Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sphenoid Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ethmoid Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Facial Bones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nasal Bones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Maxillae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Zygomatic Bones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Mandible
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Lacrimal Bones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Palatine Bones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Inferior Nasal Conchae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Vomer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sutures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coronal Suture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sagittal Suture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lambdoid Suture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Squamous Sutures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Paranasal Sinuses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Frontal Sinuses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Maxillary Sinuses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sphenoidal Sinuses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ethmoidal Air Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. The Hyoid Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. The Vertebral Column
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. General Structure of a Vertebra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vertebral Arch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pedicles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Laminae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spinous Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transverse Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Articular Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Vertebral Foramen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Cervical Vertebrae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. General Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Atlas (C1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Axis (C2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Distinguishing Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Thoracic Vertebrae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. General Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rib Articulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Distinguishing Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Lumbar Vertebrae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. General Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Distinguishing Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Sacrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fusion Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Coccyx
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fusion Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. The Thoracic Cage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sternum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Manubrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Xiphoid Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ribs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. True Ribs (1-7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Attachments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. False Ribs (8-12)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Attachments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Floating Ribs (11-12)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Attachments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Rib Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Neck
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. The Appendicular Skeleton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clavicle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Scapula
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. The Upper Limb
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Humerus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Articulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Ulna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Articulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Radius
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Articulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Carpals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Proximal Row
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Distal Row
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Individual Bones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Metacarpals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Numbering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Phalanges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Proximal Phalanges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Middle Phalanges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Distal Phalanges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ilium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Ischium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Pubis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pelvic Structure and Differences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Male Pelvis Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Female Pelvis Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. The Lower Limb
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Femur
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Articulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Patella
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Tibia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Articulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Fibula
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Articulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Tarsals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Proximal Tarsals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Distal Tarsals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Individual Bones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Metatarsals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Numbering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Phalanges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Proximal Phalanges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Middle Phalanges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Distal Phalanges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Joints (Articulations)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functional Classification of Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Synarthroses (Immovable)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Amphiarthroses (Slightly Movable)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Diarthroses (Freely Movable)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Structural Classification of Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fibrous Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sutures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Syndesmoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Gomphoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Cartilaginous Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Synchondroses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Symphyses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Synovial Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. General Structure of Synovial Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Articular Cartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Joint (Synovial) Cavity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Articular Capsule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fibrous Capsule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Synovial Membrane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Synovial Fluid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Reinforcing Ligaments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Capsular Ligaments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Extracapsular Ligaments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Intracapsular Ligaments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Nerves and Blood Vessels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Innervation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Blood Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Types of Synovial Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Plane Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hinge Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pivot Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Condyloid Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Saddle Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ball-and-Socket Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Movements at Synovial Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gliding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Angular Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flexion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Extension
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hyperextension
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Abduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Adduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Rotation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Medial Rotation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lateral Rotation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Special Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Circumduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pronation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Supination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Eversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Protraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Retraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Elevation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Joint Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Arthritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Osteoarthritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gouty Arthritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Dislocations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Sprains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Grades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Treatment

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. The Integumentary System

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5. The Muscular System