Human Anatomy

  1. The Nervous System
    1. Organization of the Nervous System
      1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
        1. Brain
          1. Spinal Cord
          2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
            1. Cranial Nerves
              1. Spinal Nerves
                1. Ganglia
                2. Functional Divisions
                  1. Sensory (Afferent) Division
                    1. Motor (Efferent) Division
                      1. Somatic Nervous System
                        1. Autonomic Nervous System
                    2. The Central Nervous System (CNS)
                      1. The Brain
                        1. Major Regions of the Brain
                          1. Cerebrum (Cerebral Hemispheres)
                            1. Lobes of the Cerebrum
                              1. Frontal Lobe
                                1. Location
                                  1. Functions
                                  2. Parietal Lobe
                                    1. Location
                                      1. Functions
                                      2. Temporal Lobe
                                        1. Location
                                          1. Functions
                                          2. Occipital Lobe
                                            1. Location
                                              1. Functions
                                            2. Functional Areas
                                              1. Motor Areas
                                                1. Primary Motor Cortex
                                                  1. Premotor Cortex
                                                    1. Broca's Area
                                                    2. Sensory Areas
                                                      1. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
                                                        1. Visual Cortex
                                                          1. Auditory Cortex
                                                          2. Association Areas
                                                            1. Prefrontal Cortex
                                                              1. Wernicke's Area
                                                                1. Multimodal Areas
                                                            2. Diencephalon
                                                              1. Thalamus
                                                                1. Structure
                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                    1. Nuclei
                                                                    2. Hypothalamus
                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                          1. Nuclei
                                                                          2. Epithalamus
                                                                            1. Pineal Gland
                                                                              1. Habenula
                                                                            2. Brainstem
                                                                              1. Midbrain
                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                    1. Nuclei
                                                                                    2. Pons
                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                          1. Nuclei
                                                                                          2. Medulla Oblongata
                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                1. Vital Centers
                                                                                              2. Cerebellum
                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                  1. Cerebellar Cortex
                                                                                                    1. Deep Nuclei
                                                                                                      1. Peduncles
                                                                                                      2. Functions
                                                                                                        1. Motor Coordination
                                                                                                          1. Balance
                                                                                                            1. Learning
                                                                                                        2. Protection of the Brain
                                                                                                          1. Cranial Meninges
                                                                                                            1. Dura Mater
                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                1. Dural Sinuses
                                                                                                                2. Arachnoid Mater
                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                    1. Arachnoid Granulations
                                                                                                                    2. Pia Mater
                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                        1. Blood Vessels
                                                                                                                      2. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Ventricles
                                                                                                                        1. CSF Production and Circulation
                                                                                                                          1. Choroid Plexuses
                                                                                                                            1. Circulation Pathway
                                                                                                                              1. Absorption
                                                                                                                              2. Ventricular System
                                                                                                                                1. Lateral Ventricles
                                                                                                                                  1. Third Ventricle
                                                                                                                                    1. Fourth Ventricle
                                                                                                                                      1. Central Canal
                                                                                                                                    2. Blood-Brain Barrier
                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                      2. The Spinal Cord
                                                                                                                                        1. Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
                                                                                                                                          1. Cervical Enlargement
                                                                                                                                            1. Lumbar Enlargement
                                                                                                                                              1. Conus Medullaris
                                                                                                                                                1. Cauda Equina
                                                                                                                                                  1. Filum Terminale
                                                                                                                                                  2. Spinal Meninges
                                                                                                                                                    1. Dura Mater
                                                                                                                                                      1. Arachnoid Mater
                                                                                                                                                        1. Pia Mater
                                                                                                                                                          1. Epidural Space
                                                                                                                                                            1. Subarachnoid Space
                                                                                                                                                            2. Cross-Sectional Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                              1. Gray Matter
                                                                                                                                                                1. Anterior Horns
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Posterior Horns
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lateral Horns
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gray Commissure
                                                                                                                                                                      2. White Matter
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anterior Funiculi
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Posterior Funiculi
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lateral Funiculi
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ascending Tracts
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Descending Tracts
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Central Canal
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CSF Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Spinal Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reflex Arc Components
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Types of Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stretch Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Withdrawal Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Crossed Extensor Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nerves and Ganglia
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure of a Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nerve Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Connective Tissue Coverings
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Endoneurium
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Perineurium
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Epineurium
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Types of Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sensory Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Motor Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mixed Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Cranial Nerves (I-XII)
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Olfactory Nerve (I)
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Optic Nerve (II)
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oculomotor Nerve (III)
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Trochlear Nerve (IV)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Trigeminal Nerve (V)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Abducens Nerve (VI)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Facial Nerve (VII)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vagus Nerve (X)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Accessory Nerve (XI)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Spinal Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Number and Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. 31 Pairs Total
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cervical Nerves (8 pairs)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thoracic Nerves (12 pairs)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lumbar Nerves (5 pairs)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sacral Nerves (5 pairs)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Coccygeal Nerve (1 pair)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nerve Plexuses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cervical Plexus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Major Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Brachial Plexus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Major Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Axillary Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Radial Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Median Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ulnar Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Lumbar Plexus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Major Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Femoral Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Obturator Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sacral Plexus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Major Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sciatic Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pudendal Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sympathetic Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sympathetic Chain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Preganglionic Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Postganglionic Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Acetylcholine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Norepinephrine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Effects on Target Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Parasympathetic Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cranial Outflow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sacral Outflow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Preganglionic Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Postganglionic Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Acetylcholine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Effects on Target Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Enteric Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Relationship to CNS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sensory Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. The Eye and Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Accessory Structures of the Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Eyelids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Conjunctiva
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Lacrimal Apparatus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lacrimal Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tear Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Extrinsic Eye Muscles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Six Muscles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Eye Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Anatomy of the Eyeball
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fibrous Layer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sclera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cornea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Vascular Layer (Uvea)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Choroid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ciliary Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Iris
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Neural Layer (Retina)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Photoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Neural Layers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Optic Disc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Macula Lutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Lens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Accommodation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chambers and Humors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anterior Chamber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Posterior Chamber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vitreous Chamber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Aqueous Humor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vitreous Humor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Physiology of Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Light Refraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Photoreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Visual Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Visual Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. External Ear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Auricle (Pinna)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. External Auditory Canal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Middle Ear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tympanic Membrane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Auditory Ossicles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Malleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Incus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stapes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Eustachian Tube
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Inner Ear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cochlea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Organ of Corti
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Vestibule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Utricle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Saccule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Semicircular Canals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Three Canals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ampullae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Physiology of Hearing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sound Wave Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hair Cell Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Auditory Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Physiology of Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Static Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dynamic Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vestibular Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Olfaction (Smell)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Olfactory Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Olfactory Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Olfactory Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Olfactory Bulb
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Olfactory Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Central Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Gustation (Taste)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Taste Buds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Taste Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Gustatory Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cranial Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Central Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Taste Sensations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sweet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Salty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bitter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Umami
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Nervous System Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stroke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Epilepsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Multiple Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Progression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Parkinson's Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Treatment

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              7. The Endocrine System