Human Anatomy

  1. The Respiratory System
    1. Functions of the Respiratory System
      1. Gas Exchange
        1. Oxygen Uptake
          1. Carbon Dioxide Elimination
          2. Regulation of Blood pH
            1. Acid-Base Balance
              1. Bicarbonate Buffer System
              2. Voice Production
                1. Vocal Cord Vibration
                  1. Sound Modification
                  2. Olfaction
                    1. Odor Detection
                      1. Olfactory Pathways
                      2. Protection
                        1. Filtering
                          1. Warming
                            1. Humidifying
                          2. The Upper Respiratory Tract
                            1. Nose and Nasal Cavity
                              1. Structure
                                1. External Nose
                                  1. Nasal Cavity
                                    1. Nasal Septum
                                      1. Nasal Conchae
                                      2. Functions
                                        1. Air Conditioning
                                          1. Filtration
                                            1. Olfaction
                                          2. Paranasal Sinuses
                                            1. Frontal Sinuses
                                              1. Maxillary Sinuses
                                                1. Ethmoidal Air Cells
                                                  1. Sphenoidal Sinuses
                                                    1. Functions
                                                    2. Pharynx
                                                      1. Nasopharynx
                                                        1. Structure
                                                          1. Functions
                                                          2. Oropharynx
                                                            1. Structure
                                                              1. Functions
                                                              2. Laryngopharynx
                                                                1. Structure
                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                2. Larynx (Voice Box)
                                                                  1. Cartilages of the Larynx
                                                                    1. Thyroid Cartilage
                                                                      1. Cricoid Cartilage
                                                                        1. Arytenoid Cartilages
                                                                          1. Epiglottis
                                                                          2. Vocal Cords
                                                                            1. True Vocal Cords
                                                                              1. False Vocal Cords
                                                                              2. Function in Sound Production
                                                                                1. Pitch Control
                                                                                  1. Volume Control
                                                                              3. The Lower Respiratory Tract
                                                                                1. Trachea
                                                                                  1. Structure and Function
                                                                                    1. Cartilage Rings
                                                                                      1. Trachealis Muscle
                                                                                        1. Epithelium
                                                                                        2. Location
                                                                                        3. The Bronchial Tree
                                                                                          1. Primary Bronchi
                                                                                            1. Right Primary Bronchus
                                                                                              1. Left Primary Bronchus
                                                                                              2. Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi
                                                                                                1. Number
                                                                                                  1. Distribution
                                                                                                  2. Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi
                                                                                                    1. Bronchopulmonary Segments
                                                                                                    2. Bronchioles
                                                                                                      1. Terminal Bronchioles
                                                                                                        1. Respiratory Bronchioles
                                                                                                        2. Structural Changes
                                                                                                          1. Cartilage Reduction
                                                                                                            1. Smooth Muscle Increase
                                                                                                          2. Lungs and Pleurae
                                                                                                            1. Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
                                                                                                              1. Lobes and Segments
                                                                                                                1. Right Lung Lobes
                                                                                                                  1. Left Lung Lobes
                                                                                                                    1. Bronchopulmonary Segments
                                                                                                                    2. Hilum
                                                                                                                      1. Structures
                                                                                                                        1. Root of Lung
                                                                                                                      2. Pleural Membranes
                                                                                                                        1. Parietal Pleura
                                                                                                                          1. Types
                                                                                                                            1. Innervation
                                                                                                                            2. Visceral Pleura
                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                1. Innervation
                                                                                                                                2. Pleural Cavity
                                                                                                                                  1. Pleural Fluid
                                                                                                                                    1. Functions
                                                                                                                                  2. Alveoli
                                                                                                                                    1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                      1. Alveolar Walls
                                                                                                                                        1. Surface Area
                                                                                                                                        2. Type I and Type II Cells
                                                                                                                                          1. Type I Pneumocytes
                                                                                                                                            1. Type II Pneumocytes
                                                                                                                                              1. Surfactant
                                                                                                                                              2. Alveolar-Capillary Membrane
                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                  1. Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                            2. Mechanics of Breathing
                                                                                                                                              1. Inspiration and Expiration
                                                                                                                                                1. Inspiration Process
                                                                                                                                                  1. Diaphragm Contraction
                                                                                                                                                    1. External Intercostals
                                                                                                                                                      1. Pressure Changes
                                                                                                                                                      2. Expiration Process
                                                                                                                                                        1. Passive Expiration
                                                                                                                                                          1. Active Expiration
                                                                                                                                                            1. Pressure Changes
                                                                                                                                                          2. Muscles of Respiration
                                                                                                                                                            1. Primary Muscles
                                                                                                                                                              1. Diaphragm
                                                                                                                                                                1. External Intercostals
                                                                                                                                                                2. Accessory Muscles
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inspiration Muscles
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Expiration Muscles
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Lung Volumes and Capacities
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tidal Volume
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Expiratory Reserve Volume
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Residual Volume
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Inspiratory Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functional Residual Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Vital Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Total Lung Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Gas Exchange and Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. External Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Alveolar Ventilation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diffusion Process
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Factors Affecting Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Internal Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tissue Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cellular Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oxygen Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hemoglobin Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxygen-Hemoglobin Curve
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dissolved Oxygen
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Carbon Dioxide Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bicarbonate Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carbaminohemoglobin
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dissolved CO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Control of Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neural Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Respiratory Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Medullary Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pontine Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Voluntary Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Chemical Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chemoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Central Chemoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Peripheral Chemoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Response to CO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Response to O2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Response to pH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Respiratory Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Asthma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Triggers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Emphysema
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chronic Bronchitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Treatment

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        11. The Digestive System