Geology

Geology is the fundamental Earth science dedicated to understanding our planet's physical structure, composition, and history. It investigates the solid materials, such as rocks and minerals, that constitute the Earth, as well as the dynamic internal and surface processes—from plate tectonics and volcanism to erosion and sedimentation—that have shaped its landscapes over billions of years. By interpreting the rock record, geologists reconstruct Earth's past environments, uncover valuable natural resources, and assess geological hazards, providing a crucial foundation for understanding the planet's ongoing evolution.

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2. Earth's Interior Structure and Composition