Geology

  1. Weathering, Sediment, and Sedimentary Rocks
    1. Weathering Processes
      1. Mechanical Weathering
        1. Frost Wedging
          1. Freeze-Thaw Cycles
          2. Salt Crystal Growth
            1. Haloclasty
            2. Sheeting and Exfoliation
              1. Pressure Release
              2. Biological Activity
                1. Root Wedging
                  1. Burrowing Organisms
                  2. Abrasion
                    1. Wind Abrasion
                      1. Water Abrasion
                      2. Thermal Expansion and Contraction
                      3. Chemical Weathering
                        1. Dissolution
                          1. Carbonic Acid Weathering
                          2. Oxidation
                            1. Iron Oxidation
                              1. Rust Formation
                              2. Hydrolysis
                                1. Feldspar Alteration
                                2. Hydration
                                  1. Water Absorption
                                  2. Influence of Climate
                                    1. Temperature Effects
                                      1. Precipitation Effects
                                    2. Factors Controlling Weathering
                                      1. Rock Type
                                        1. Climate
                                          1. Topography
                                            1. Time
                                              1. Biological Activity
                                            2. Soil
                                              1. Soil Formation Factors
                                                1. Parent Material
                                                  1. Bedrock
                                                    1. Transported Material
                                                    2. Climate
                                                      1. Temperature
                                                        1. Precipitation
                                                        2. Organisms
                                                          1. Plants
                                                            1. Animals
                                                              1. Microorganisms
                                                              2. Topography
                                                                1. Slope
                                                                  1. Aspect
                                                                    1. Drainage
                                                                    2. Time
                                                                      1. Soil Age
                                                                    3. The Soil Profile
                                                                      1. O Horizon
                                                                        1. Organic Matter
                                                                        2. A Horizon
                                                                          1. Topsoil
                                                                            1. Organic-Mineral Mix
                                                                            2. E Horizon
                                                                              1. Eluviation Zone
                                                                                1. Leached Layer
                                                                                2. B Horizon
                                                                                  1. Subsoil
                                                                                    1. Illuviation Zone
                                                                                    2. C Horizon
                                                                                      1. Weathered Parent Material
                                                                                      2. R Horizon
                                                                                        1. Bedrock
                                                                                      3. Soil Types and Classification
                                                                                        1. Soil Orders
                                                                                          1. Regional Soil Types
                                                                                          2. Soil Erosion and Conservation
                                                                                            1. Causes of Erosion
                                                                                              1. Conservation Practices
                                                                                            2. Sediment Transport and Deposition
                                                                                              1. Agents of Transport
                                                                                                1. Water
                                                                                                  1. Wind
                                                                                                    1. Ice
                                                                                                      1. Gravity
                                                                                                      2. Modes of Transport
                                                                                                        1. Suspension
                                                                                                          1. Saltation
                                                                                                            1. Traction
                                                                                                              1. Solution
                                                                                                              2. Depositional Environments
                                                                                                                1. Continental Environments
                                                                                                                  1. Alluvial
                                                                                                                    1. Lacustrine
                                                                                                                      1. Eolian
                                                                                                                        1. Glacial
                                                                                                                        2. Marine Environments
                                                                                                                          1. Shallow Marine
                                                                                                                            1. Deep Marine
                                                                                                                              1. Carbonate Platforms
                                                                                                                              2. Transitional Environments
                                                                                                                                1. Deltaic
                                                                                                                                  1. Estuarine
                                                                                                                                    1. Beach and Barrier Island
                                                                                                                                2. Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                  1. From Sediment to Rock
                                                                                                                                    1. Compaction
                                                                                                                                      1. Burial and Pressure
                                                                                                                                      2. Cementation
                                                                                                                                        1. Mineral Precipitation
                                                                                                                                          1. Common Cements
                                                                                                                                          2. Recrystallization
                                                                                                                                            1. Diagenetic Changes
                                                                                                                                          3. Types of Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                            1. Detrital Rocks
                                                                                                                                              1. Shale
                                                                                                                                                1. Fine-Grained
                                                                                                                                                  1. Clay and Silt
                                                                                                                                                  2. Sandstone
                                                                                                                                                    1. Medium-Grained
                                                                                                                                                      1. Quartz and Feldspar
                                                                                                                                                      2. Conglomerate
                                                                                                                                                        1. Coarse-Grained
                                                                                                                                                          1. Rounded Clasts
                                                                                                                                                          2. Breccia
                                                                                                                                                            1. Coarse-Grained
                                                                                                                                                              1. Angular Clasts
                                                                                                                                                            2. Chemical Rocks
                                                                                                                                                              1. Limestone
                                                                                                                                                                1. Calcium Carbonate
                                                                                                                                                                2. Chert
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Silica
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Rock Salt
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Halite
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Gypsum
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Calcium Sulfate
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Travertine
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tufa
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Organic Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Coal
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plant Material
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Chalk
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Microscopic Organisms
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Diatomite
                                                                                                                                                                            3. Sedimentary Structures
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bedding and Strata
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stratification
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bed Thickness
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Cross-bedding
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Planar Cross-beds
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Trough Cross-beds
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Graded Bedding
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Normal Grading
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reverse Grading
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ripple Marks
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Current Ripples
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wave Ripples
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Mud Cracks
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Desiccation Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Fossils
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Body Fossils
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Trace Fossils
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Concretions and Nodules
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diagenetic Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Load Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flame Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Economic Importance of Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Construction Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Industrial Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Groundwater Aquifers

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                                                                                                                                                                                                            4. The Rock Cycle and Igneous Rocks

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                                                                                                                                                                                                            6. Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks