Geology

  1. The Rock Cycle and Igneous Rocks
    1. The Rock Cycle
      1. Processes of Rock Formation
        1. Melting
          1. Crystallization
            1. Weathering and Erosion
              1. Sedimentation
                1. Lithification
                  1. Metamorphism
                  2. Interrelationships between Rock Types
                    1. Igneous to Sedimentary
                      1. Sedimentary to Metamorphic
                        1. Metamorphic to Igneous
                          1. Direct Transformations
                          2. Energy Sources Driving the Rock Cycle
                          3. Magma and Lava
                            1. Generation of Magma
                              1. Partial Melting
                                1. Decompression Melting
                                  1. Flux Melting
                                    1. Heat-Induced Melting
                                      1. Source Regions
                                        1. Mantle Sources
                                          1. Crustal Sources
                                        2. Magma Composition
                                          1. Felsic Magma
                                            1. High Silica Content
                                              1. Low Temperature
                                              2. Intermediate Magma
                                                1. Mafic Magma
                                                  1. Low Silica Content
                                                    1. High Temperature
                                                    2. Ultramafic Magma
                                                    3. Properties of Magma
                                                      1. Temperature
                                                        1. Viscosity
                                                          1. Factors Affecting Viscosity
                                                          2. Gas Content
                                                            1. Volatile Components
                                                              1. Degassing Processes
                                                              2. Density
                                                              3. Bowen's Reaction Series
                                                                1. Discontinuous Series
                                                                  1. Olivine
                                                                    1. Pyroxene
                                                                      1. Amphibole
                                                                        1. Biotite
                                                                        2. Continuous Series
                                                                          1. Plagioclase Feldspars
                                                                          2. Implications for Rock Formation
                                                                            1. Fractional Crystallization
                                                                              1. Magmatic Differentiation
                                                                          3. Igneous Rocks
                                                                            1. Intrusive Rocks
                                                                              1. Formation and Cooling
                                                                                1. Slow Cooling
                                                                                  1. Coarse-Grained Textures
                                                                                  2. Intrusive Bodies
                                                                                    1. Batholiths
                                                                                      1. Stocks
                                                                                        1. Sills
                                                                                          1. Dikes
                                                                                            1. Laccoliths
                                                                                              1. Volcanic Necks
                                                                                            2. Extrusive Rocks
                                                                                              1. Formation and Cooling
                                                                                                1. Rapid Cooling
                                                                                                  1. Fine-Grained Textures
                                                                                                  2. Lava Flows
                                                                                                    1. Types of Lava
                                                                                                      1. Flow Characteristics
                                                                                                      2. Pyroclastic Materials
                                                                                                        1. Ash
                                                                                                          1. Pumice
                                                                                                            1. Volcanic Bombs
                                                                                                              1. Tuff
                                                                                                          2. Igneous Textures
                                                                                                            1. Phaneritic Texture
                                                                                                              1. Coarse-Grained
                                                                                                                1. Visible Crystals
                                                                                                                2. Aphanitic Texture
                                                                                                                  1. Fine-Grained
                                                                                                                    1. Microscopic Crystals
                                                                                                                    2. Porphyritic Texture
                                                                                                                      1. Mixed Crystal Sizes
                                                                                                                        1. Phenocrysts and Groundmass
                                                                                                                        2. Glassy Texture
                                                                                                                          1. Rapid Cooling
                                                                                                                            1. Obsidian
                                                                                                                            2. Vesicular Texture
                                                                                                                              1. Gas Bubbles
                                                                                                                                1. Scoria and Pumice
                                                                                                                                2. Pyroclastic Texture
                                                                                                                                  1. Fragmental
                                                                                                                                    1. Welded and Non-welded
                                                                                                                                    2. Pegmatitic Texture
                                                                                                                                      1. Very Coarse-Grained
                                                                                                                                        1. Large Crystals
                                                                                                                                      2. Classification of Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                        1. Based on Texture
                                                                                                                                          1. Based on Composition
                                                                                                                                            1. Silica Content
                                                                                                                                              1. Color Index
                                                                                                                                              2. Common Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                1. Granite
                                                                                                                                                  1. Felsic Intrusive
                                                                                                                                                  2. Rhyolite
                                                                                                                                                    1. Felsic Extrusive
                                                                                                                                                    2. Diorite
                                                                                                                                                      1. Intermediate Intrusive
                                                                                                                                                      2. Andesite
                                                                                                                                                        1. Intermediate Extrusive
                                                                                                                                                        2. Gabbro
                                                                                                                                                          1. Mafic Intrusive
                                                                                                                                                          2. Basalt
                                                                                                                                                            1. Mafic Extrusive
                                                                                                                                                            2. Peridotite
                                                                                                                                                              1. Ultramafic
                                                                                                                                                              2. Obsidian
                                                                                                                                                                1. Volcanic Glass
                                                                                                                                                                2. Pumice
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vesicular Volcanic Rock
                                                                                                                                                              3. Economic Importance of Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                1. Construction Materials
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dimension Stone
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aggregate
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ore Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gemstones

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                                                                                                                                                                      3. Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks

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                                                                                                                                                                      5. Weathering, Sediment, and Sedimentary Rocks