Geology

4.

The Rock Cycle and Igneous Rocks

4.1.

4.1.1.

Processes of Rock Formation

4.1.1.1.

4.1.1.2.

Crystallization

4.1.1.3.

Weathering and Erosion

4.1.1.4.

4.1.1.5.

4.1.1.6.

4.1.2.

Interrelationships between Rock Types

4.1.2.1.

Igneous to Sedimentary

4.1.2.2.

Sedimentary to Metamorphic

4.1.2.3.

Metamorphic to Igneous

4.1.2.4.

Direct Transformations

4.1.3.

Energy Sources Driving the Rock Cycle

4.2.

4.2.1.

Generation of Magma

4.2.1.1.

Partial Melting

4.2.1.2.

Decompression Melting

4.2.1.3.

4.2.1.4.

Heat-Induced Melting

4.2.1.5.

4.2.1.5.1.

4.2.1.5.2.

Crustal Sources

4.2.2.

Magma Composition

4.2.2.1.

4.2.2.1.1.

High Silica Content

4.2.2.1.2.

Low Temperature

4.2.2.2.

Intermediate Magma

4.2.2.3.

4.2.2.3.1.

Low Silica Content

4.2.2.3.2.

High Temperature

4.2.2.4.

Ultramafic Magma

4.2.3.

Properties of Magma

4.2.3.1.

4.2.3.2.

4.2.3.2.1.

Factors Affecting Viscosity

4.2.3.3.

4.2.3.3.1.

Volatile Components

4.2.3.3.2.

Degassing Processes

4.2.3.4.

4.2.4.

Bowen's Reaction Series

4.2.4.1.

Discontinuous Series

4.2.4.1.1.

4.2.4.1.2.

4.2.4.1.3.

4.2.4.1.4.

4.2.4.2.

Continuous Series

4.2.4.2.1.

Plagioclase Feldspars

4.2.4.3.

Implications for Rock Formation

4.2.4.3.1.

Fractional Crystallization

4.2.4.3.2.

Magmatic Differentiation

4.3.

4.3.1.

Intrusive Rocks

4.3.1.1.

Formation and Cooling

4.3.1.1.1.

4.3.1.1.2.

Coarse-Grained Textures

4.3.1.2.

Intrusive Bodies

4.3.1.2.1.

4.3.1.2.2.

4.3.1.2.3.

4.3.1.2.4.

4.3.1.2.5.

4.3.1.2.6.

4.3.2.

Extrusive Rocks

4.3.2.1.

Formation and Cooling

4.3.2.1.1.

4.3.2.1.2.

Fine-Grained Textures

4.3.2.2.

4.3.2.2.1.

4.3.2.2.2.

Flow Characteristics

4.3.2.3.

Pyroclastic Materials

4.3.2.3.1.

4.3.2.3.2.

4.3.2.3.3.

4.3.2.3.4.

4.4.

Igneous Textures

4.4.1.

Phaneritic Texture

4.4.1.1.

4.4.1.2.

Visible Crystals

4.4.2.

Aphanitic Texture

4.4.2.1.

4.4.2.2.

Microscopic Crystals

4.4.3.

Porphyritic Texture

4.4.3.1.

Mixed Crystal Sizes

4.4.3.2.

Phenocrysts and Groundmass

4.4.4.

4.4.4.1.

4.4.4.2.

4.4.5.

Vesicular Texture

4.4.5.1.

4.4.5.2.

Scoria and Pumice

4.4.6.

Pyroclastic Texture

4.4.6.1.

4.4.6.2.

Welded and Non-welded

4.4.7.

Pegmatitic Texture

4.4.7.1.

Very Coarse-Grained

4.4.7.2.

4.5.

Classification of Igneous Rocks

4.5.1.

Based on Texture

4.5.2.

Based on Composition

4.5.2.1.

4.5.2.2.

4.5.3.

Common Igneous Rocks

4.5.3.1.

4.5.3.1.1.

Felsic Intrusive

4.5.3.2.

4.5.3.2.1.

Felsic Extrusive

4.5.3.3.

4.5.3.3.1.

Intermediate Intrusive

4.5.3.4.

4.5.3.4.1.

Intermediate Extrusive

4.5.3.5.

4.5.3.5.1.

Mafic Intrusive

4.5.3.6.

4.5.3.6.1.

Mafic Extrusive

4.5.3.7.

4.5.3.7.1.

4.5.3.8.

4.5.3.8.1.

4.5.3.9.

4.5.3.9.1.

Vesicular Volcanic Rock

4.6.

Economic Importance of Igneous Rocks

4.6.1.

Construction Materials

4.6.2.

Dimension Stone

4.6.3.

4.6.4.

4.6.5.

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3. Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks

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5. Weathering, Sediment, and Sedimentary Rocks