Geology

  1. Surface Processes: Geomorphology
    1. Mass Wasting
      1. Triggers of Mass Wasting
        1. Water Content
          1. Saturation Effects
            1. Pore Pressure
            2. Oversteepening
              1. Natural Processes
                1. Human Activities
                2. Vegetation Removal
                  1. Root Strength Loss
                    1. Deforestation
                    2. Earthquakes
                      1. Ground Shaking
                        1. Slope Destabilization
                        2. Volcanic Activity
                          1. Ash Loading
                            1. Debris Flows
                          2. Types of Mass Wasting
                            1. Slump
                              1. Rotational Movement
                                1. Curved Failure Surface
                                2. Rockslide
                                  1. Rapid Movement
                                    1. Rock Masses
                                    2. Debris Flow
                                      1. Water-Saturated
                                        1. Rapid Movement
                                        2. Earthflow
                                          1. Slower Movement
                                            1. Clay-Rich Material
                                            2. Creep
                                              1. Very Slow Movement
                                                1. Imperceptible
                                                2. Mudflow
                                                  1. Fine-Grained Material
                                                    1. High Water Content
                                                    2. Avalanche
                                                      1. Snow and Rock
                                                        1. Very Rapid
                                                      2. Prevention and Mitigation
                                                        1. Slope Stabilization
                                                          1. Drainage Control
                                                            1. Vegetation Management
                                                              1. Engineering Solutions
                                                            2. Running Water
                                                              1. Hydrologic Cycle
                                                                1. Evaporation
                                                                  1. Precipitation
                                                                    1. Runoff
                                                                      1. Infiltration
                                                                      2. Streamflow and Sediment Transport
                                                                        1. Erosion Processes
                                                                          1. Hydraulic Action
                                                                            1. Abrasion
                                                                              1. Corrosion
                                                                              2. Transportation Modes
                                                                                1. Suspension
                                                                                  1. Saltation
                                                                                    1. Traction
                                                                                      1. Solution
                                                                                      2. Deposition Processes
                                                                                        1. Velocity Decrease
                                                                                          1. Capacity Reduction
                                                                                        2. Stream Valleys
                                                                                          1. V-shaped Valleys
                                                                                            1. Downcutting
                                                                                              1. Valley Widening
                                                                                              2. Floodplains
                                                                                                1. Lateral Erosion
                                                                                                  1. Sediment Deposition
                                                                                                  2. Meanders
                                                                                                    1. Sinuous Channels
                                                                                                      1. Point Bars and Cut Banks
                                                                                                      2. Oxbow Lakes
                                                                                                        1. Abandoned Meanders
                                                                                                      3. Drainage Patterns
                                                                                                        1. Dendritic
                                                                                                          1. Tree-Like Pattern
                                                                                                            1. Uniform Rock Resistance
                                                                                                            2. Radial
                                                                                                              1. Outward from Center
                                                                                                                1. Volcanic Cones
                                                                                                                2. Rectangular
                                                                                                                  1. Right-Angle Bends
                                                                                                                    1. Joint Control
                                                                                                                    2. Trellis
                                                                                                                      1. Parallel Tributaries
                                                                                                                        1. Folded Terrain
                                                                                                                      2. River Systems
                                                                                                                        1. Deltas
                                                                                                                          1. River Mouth Deposition
                                                                                                                            1. Distributary Channels
                                                                                                                            2. Alluvial Fans
                                                                                                                              1. Mountain Front Deposition
                                                                                                                                1. Arid Environments
                                                                                                                                2. Natural Levees
                                                                                                                                  1. Flood Deposits
                                                                                                                                    1. Channel Margins
                                                                                                                                    2. Terraces
                                                                                                                                      1. Former Floodplains
                                                                                                                                        1. Downcutting
                                                                                                                                      2. Floods and Flood Control
                                                                                                                                        1. Flood Causes
                                                                                                                                          1. Flood Frequency
                                                                                                                                            1. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                                                                                          2. Groundwater
                                                                                                                                            1. The Water Table
                                                                                                                                              1. Saturated Zone
                                                                                                                                                1. Unsaturated Zone
                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Table Fluctuations
                                                                                                                                                  2. Aquifers and Aquitards
                                                                                                                                                    1. Confined Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                      1. Unconfined Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                        1. Permeability and Porosity
                                                                                                                                                        2. Springs
                                                                                                                                                          1. Natural Discharge
                                                                                                                                                            1. Spring Types
                                                                                                                                                            2. Wells
                                                                                                                                                              1. Water Well Construction
                                                                                                                                                                1. Cone of Depression
                                                                                                                                                                2. Artesian Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Confined Aquifer Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flowing Wells
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Groundwater Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Overuse and Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Table Decline
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Aquifer Mining
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Contamination
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Point Sources
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Non-Point Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Plume Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Subsidence
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Land Surface Lowering
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aquifer Compaction
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Karst Topography
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Limestone Dissolution
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sinkholes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Collapse Features
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Caves
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Underground Passages
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Stalactites and Stalagmites
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cave Formations
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Disappearing Streams
                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Glaciers and Glaciation
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Types of Glaciers
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Alpine Glaciers
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mountain Glaciers
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Valley Glaciers
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Continental Glaciers
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ice Sheets
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ice Caps
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Glacial Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Internal Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Plastic Deformation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Basal Slip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sliding on Bedrock
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Factors Affecting Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Glacial Erosion and Landforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cirques
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Amphitheater-Shaped Basins
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Arêtes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sharp Ridges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Horns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pyramidal Peaks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. U-shaped Valleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Glacial Troughs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Fjords
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Drowned Glacial Valleys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Roche Moutonnées
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Streamlined Bedrock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Glacial Deposits and Landforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Moraines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Terminal Moraines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lateral Moraines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Medial Moraines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ground Moraines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Drumlins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Streamlined Hills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Eskers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Winding Ridges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Outwash Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glacial Meltwater Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Kettles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Depression Lakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Pleistocene Glaciation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ice Ages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Glacial and Interglacial Periods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Effects on Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Deserts and Eolian Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Characteristics of Deserts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Low Precipitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. High Evaporation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temperature Extremes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Wind Erosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Deflation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Particle Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Blowouts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Abrasion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sandblasting Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ventifacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Wind Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dunes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sand Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dune Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Types of Dunes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Barchan Dunes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transverse Dunes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Longitudinal Dunes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Star Dunes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Loess
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wind-Blown Silt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fertile Soils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Desert Landforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Playas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dry Lake Beds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Salt Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Alluvial Fans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mountain Front Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Inselbergs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Isolated Hills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pediments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Erosional Surfaces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Coastal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Waves and Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wave Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wind Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Wave Refraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Shallow Water Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Tidal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gravitational Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tidal Range
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Coastal Erosion and Landforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sea Cliffs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wave Undercutting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Wave-cut Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Erosional Benches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Sea Arches and Stacks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Differential Erosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Headlands and Bays
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Irregular Coastlines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Coastal Deposition and Landforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Beaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sand and Gravel Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Beach Profiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Spits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Elongated Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Barrier Islands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Offshore Sand Bars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Lagoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Protected Water Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Deltas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. River Mouth Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Human Impact on Coasts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Coastal Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seawalls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Groins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Breakwaters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Erosion Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Beach Nourishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Development Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Habitat Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pollution

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          13. Historical Geology: A Journey Through Time