Geology

  1. Structural Geology: Deformation of the Crust
    1. Rock Deformation
      1. Types of Stress
        1. Compressional Stress
          1. Shortening
          2. Tensional Stress
            1. Extension
            2. Shear Stress
              1. Lateral Motion
            3. Types of Strain
              1. Elastic Deformation
                1. Recoverable
                  1. Temporary
                  2. Brittle Deformation
                    1. Fracturing
                      1. Permanent
                      2. Ductile Deformation
                        1. Plastic Flow
                          1. Permanent
                        2. Factors Affecting Deformation
                          1. Temperature
                            1. Higher Temperature Promotes Ductility
                            2. Pressure
                              1. Confining Pressure Effects
                              2. Rock Type
                                1. Competent vs. Incompetent Rocks
                                2. Time
                                  1. Strain Rate Effects
                                  2. Fluid Pressure
                                    1. Pore Pressure Effects
                                3. Folds
                                  1. Fold Geometry
                                    1. Limbs
                                      1. Hinge
                                        1. Axial Plane
                                          1. Plunge
                                          2. Types of Folds
                                            1. Anticlines
                                              1. Upward Arching
                                                1. Oldest Rocks in Core
                                                2. Synclines
                                                  1. Downward Bending
                                                    1. Youngest Rocks in Core
                                                    2. Domes
                                                      1. Circular Anticlines
                                                      2. Basins
                                                        1. Circular Synclines
                                                        2. Monoclines
                                                          1. Single Limb Flexure
                                                        3. Fold Classification
                                                          1. Symmetry
                                                            1. Tightness
                                                              1. Orientation
                                                              2. Recognition in the Field
                                                                1. Outcrop Patterns
                                                                  1. Strike and Dip
                                                                2. Faults
                                                                  1. Fault Components
                                                                    1. Fault Plane
                                                                      1. Hanging Wall
                                                                        1. Footwall
                                                                          1. Fault Scarp
                                                                          2. Dip-Slip Faults
                                                                            1. Normal Faults
                                                                              1. Extensional Environment
                                                                                1. Hanging Wall Down
                                                                                2. Reverse Faults
                                                                                  1. Compressional Environment
                                                                                    1. Hanging Wall Up
                                                                                    2. Thrust Faults
                                                                                      1. Low-Angle Reverse Faults
                                                                                        1. Large Displacement
                                                                                      2. Strike-Slip Faults
                                                                                        1. Right-Lateral Motion
                                                                                          1. Dextral
                                                                                          2. Left-Lateral Motion
                                                                                            1. Sinistral
                                                                                            2. Transform Faults
                                                                                            3. Oblique-Slip Faults
                                                                                              1. Combined Motion
                                                                                              2. Fault Systems
                                                                                                1. Horst and Graben
                                                                                                  1. Fault Zones
                                                                                                  2. Fault Recognition
                                                                                                    1. Offset Features
                                                                                                      1. Fault Rocks
                                                                                                        1. Breccia
                                                                                                          1. Gouge
                                                                                                            1. Mylonite
                                                                                                        2. Joints and Fractures
                                                                                                          1. Formation of Joints
                                                                                                            1. Tensional Stress
                                                                                                              1. Cooling Contraction
                                                                                                                1. Unloading
                                                                                                                2. Joint Sets and Systems
                                                                                                                  1. Systematic Joints
                                                                                                                    1. Non-systematic Joints
                                                                                                                    2. Significance in Geology
                                                                                                                      1. Weathering Pathways
                                                                                                                        1. Groundwater Flow
                                                                                                                        2. Engineering Considerations
                                                                                                                          1. Rock Stability
                                                                                                                            1. Foundation Design

                                                                                                                        Previous

                                                                                                                        8. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

                                                                                                                        Go to top

                                                                                                                        Next

                                                                                                                        10. Earthquakes and Seismology