Geology

  1. Geologic Time
    1. Relative Dating Principles
      1. Principle of Superposition
        1. Oldest Rocks at Bottom
        2. Principle of Original Horizontality
          1. Sediments Deposited Horizontally
          2. Principle of Lateral Continuity
            1. Continuous Deposition
            2. Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
              1. Younger Features Cut Older
              2. Principle of Inclusions
                1. Inclusions Older than Host
                2. Unconformities
                  1. Angular Unconformity
                    1. Tilted Rocks Below
                    2. Disconformity
                      1. Parallel Layers
                        1. Missing Time
                        2. Nonconformity
                          1. Sedimentary over Igneous/Metamorphic
                      2. Correlation of Rock Layers
                        1. Lithostratigraphic Correlation
                          1. Rock Type Matching
                          2. Biostratigraphic Correlation
                            1. Fossil Content
                            2. Using Fossils
                              1. Principle of Faunal Succession
                                1. Fossil Assemblages Change Through Time
                                2. Index Fossils
                                  1. Widespread Distribution
                                    1. Short Time Range
                                  2. Chronostratigraphic Correlation
                                    1. Time-Rock Units
                                  3. Absolute Dating
                                    1. Radioactivity and Half-life
                                      1. Radioactive Decay
                                        1. Parent and Daughter Isotopes
                                          1. Half-life Concept
                                          2. Radiometric Dating Methods
                                            1. Carbon-14 Dating
                                              1. Organic Materials
                                                1. Recent Time Periods
                                                2. Potassium-Argon Dating
                                                  1. Volcanic Rocks
                                                    1. Long Time Periods
                                                    2. Uranium-Lead Dating
                                                      1. Zircon Crystals
                                                        1. Very Old Rocks
                                                        2. Rubidium-Strontium Dating
                                                          1. Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
                                                        3. Other Dating Methods
                                                          1. Fission Track Dating
                                                            1. Luminescence Dating
                                                            2. Limitations and Sources of Error
                                                              1. Contamination
                                                                1. Alteration
                                                                  1. Assumptions
                                                                2. The Geologic Time Scale
                                                                  1. Eons
                                                                    1. Hadean Eon
                                                                      1. Earth Formation
                                                                      2. Archean Eon
                                                                        1. Early Life
                                                                        2. Proterozoic Eon
                                                                          1. Complex Cells
                                                                          2. Phanerozoic Eon
                                                                            1. Visible Life
                                                                          3. Eras
                                                                            1. Paleozoic Era
                                                                              1. Ancient Life
                                                                              2. Mesozoic Era
                                                                                1. Middle Life
                                                                                2. Cenozoic Era
                                                                                  1. Recent Life
                                                                                3. Periods
                                                                                  1. Cambrian
                                                                                    1. Ordovician
                                                                                      1. Silurian
                                                                                        1. Devonian
                                                                                          1. Carboniferous
                                                                                            1. Permian
                                                                                              1. Triassic
                                                                                                1. Jurassic
                                                                                                  1. Cretaceous
                                                                                                    1. Paleogene
                                                                                                      1. Neogene
                                                                                                        1. Quaternary
                                                                                                        2. Epochs
                                                                                                          1. Subdivision of Periods
                                                                                                          2. Major Events in Earth's History
                                                                                                            1. Mass Extinctions
                                                                                                              1. Evolutionary Milestones
                                                                                                                1. Climate Changes
                                                                                                                  1. Tectonic Events

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                                                                                                              6. Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

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                                                                                                              8. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory