Geology

  1. Earth's Interior Structure and Composition
    1. Methods of Studying Earth's Interior
      1. Seismic Wave Analysis
        1. Types of Seismic Waves
          1. P-waves
            1. S-waves
              1. Surface Waves
                1. Seismic Wave Behavior
                  1. Reflection and Refraction
                    1. Shadow Zones
                      1. Seismic Tomography
                        1. Three-Dimensional Imaging
                        2. Meteorite Composition
                          1. Types of Meteorites
                            1. Stony Meteorites
                              1. Iron Meteorites
                                1. Stony-Iron Meteorites
                                  1. Insights into Earth's Composition
                                  2. High-Pressure Experiments
                                    1. Laboratory Simulations
                                      1. Diamond Anvil Cells
                                        1. Mineral Stability at Depth
                                          1. Phase Transitions
                                          2. Gravity and Magnetic Studies
                                            1. Gravity Anomalies
                                              1. Gravitational Field Variations
                                                1. Magnetic Field Measurements
                                                  1. Magnetic Anomalies
                                                  2. Heat Flow Studies
                                                    1. Geothermal Gradients
                                                      1. Heat Sources
                                                    2. Earth's Layers
                                                      1. The Crust
                                                        1. Oceanic Crust
                                                          1. Composition and Thickness
                                                            1. Basaltic Composition
                                                              1. Formation at Mid-Ocean Ridges
                                                                1. Ophiolite Sequences
                                                                2. Continental Crust
                                                                  1. Composition and Thickness
                                                                    1. Granitic Composition
                                                                      1. Craton and Shield Areas
                                                                        1. Orogenic Belts
                                                                      2. The Mantle
                                                                        1. Upper Mantle
                                                                          1. Lithosphere
                                                                            1. Definition and Properties
                                                                              1. Mechanical Behavior
                                                                                1. Tectonic Plates
                                                                                2. Asthenosphere
                                                                                  1. Physical Properties
                                                                                    1. Partial Melting
                                                                                      1. Role in Plate Tectonics
                                                                                      2. Transition Zone
                                                                                        1. Mineral Phase Changes
                                                                                          1. Seismic Discontinuities
                                                                                        2. Lower Mantle
                                                                                          1. Composition and Behavior
                                                                                            1. Mineral Phases
                                                                                              1. Convection Patterns
                                                                                            2. The Core
                                                                                              1. Outer Core
                                                                                                1. Liquid Iron-Nickel Composition
                                                                                                  1. Convection Currents
                                                                                                    1. Role in Magnetic Field Generation
                                                                                                      1. Geodynamo Theory
                                                                                                      2. Inner Core
                                                                                                        1. Solid Iron-Nickel Composition
                                                                                                          1. Crystalline Structure
                                                                                                            1. Physical Properties
                                                                                                              1. Growth and Solidification
                                                                                                          2. Earth's Magnetic Field
                                                                                                            1. Generation in the Outer Core
                                                                                                              1. Geodynamo Theory
                                                                                                                1. Convection and Rotation
                                                                                                                2. Paleomagnetism
                                                                                                                  1. Magnetic Reversals
                                                                                                                    1. Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale
                                                                                                                      1. Magnetic Stripes on Ocean Floor
                                                                                                                        1. Polar Wandering
                                                                                                                        2. Magnetic Field Variations
                                                                                                                          1. Secular Variation
                                                                                                                            1. Magnetic Storms
                                                                                                                              1. Field Strength Changes

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                                                                                                                          1. Introduction to Geology

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                                                                                                                          3. Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks