Geology

  1. Earthquakes and Seismology
    1. Causes of Earthquakes
      1. Elastic Rebound Theory
        1. Stress Accumulation
          1. Sudden Release
          2. Fault Types and Earthquakes
            1. Strike-Slip Faults
              1. Thrust Faults
                1. Normal Faults
                2. Fault Creep
                  1. Aseismic Slip
                    1. Gradual Movement
                    2. Human-Induced Earthquakes
                      1. Reservoir-Induced Seismicity
                        1. Injection Wells
                          1. Mining Activities
                        2. Seismic Waves
                          1. Body Waves
                            1. P-waves
                              1. Primary Waves
                                1. Compressional
                                  1. Fastest
                                  2. S-waves
                                    1. Secondary Waves
                                      1. Shear
                                        1. Cannot Travel Through Liquids
                                      2. Surface Waves
                                        1. Love Waves
                                          1. Horizontal Motion
                                          2. Rayleigh Waves
                                            1. Elliptical Motion
                                          3. Wave Propagation and Effects
                                            1. Velocity Changes
                                              1. Attenuation
                                                1. Amplification
                                              2. Locating an Epicenter
                                                1. Triangulation Method
                                                  1. Travel Time Differences
                                                    1. Distance Calculations
                                                    2. Seismograph Networks
                                                      1. Global Networks
                                                        1. Regional Networks
                                                        2. Hypocenter Determination
                                                          1. Focal Depth
                                                        3. Measuring Earthquakes
                                                          1. Intensity
                                                            1. Modified Mercalli Scale
                                                              1. Damage Assessment
                                                                1. Subjective Measure
                                                                2. Magnitude
                                                                  1. Richter Scale
                                                                    1. Local Magnitude
                                                                      1. Logarithmic Scale
                                                                      2. Moment Magnitude Scale
                                                                        1. Energy Release
                                                                          1. Most Accurate
                                                                          2. Other Magnitude Scales
                                                                          3. Comparison of Scales
                                                                            1. Intensity vs. Magnitude
                                                                          4. Earthquake Destruction
                                                                            1. Ground Shaking
                                                                              1. Primary Cause of Damage
                                                                                1. Duration and Amplitude
                                                                                2. Liquefaction
                                                                                  1. Saturated Sediments
                                                                                    1. Loss of Strength
                                                                                    2. Landslides
                                                                                      1. Slope Instability
                                                                                        1. Secondary Effects
                                                                                        2. Tsunamis
                                                                                          1. Submarine Earthquakes
                                                                                            1. Wave Propagation
                                                                                            2. Structural Damage
                                                                                              1. Building Collapse
                                                                                                1. Infrastructure Failure
                                                                                                2. Fires
                                                                                                  1. Gas Line Ruptures
                                                                                                    1. Electrical Failures
                                                                                                  2. Earthquake Prediction
                                                                                                    1. Short-Term Prediction
                                                                                                      1. Precursory Phenomena
                                                                                                        1. Current Limitations
                                                                                                        2. Long-Term Forecasting
                                                                                                          1. Seismic Hazard Maps
                                                                                                            1. Probability Estimates
                                                                                                            2. Seismic Hazard Assessment
                                                                                                              1. Ground Motion Prediction
                                                                                                                1. Risk Analysis
                                                                                                                2. Early Warning Systems
                                                                                                                  1. Real-Time Detection
                                                                                                                    1. Automated Responses
                                                                                                                  2. Earthquake Preparedness and Mitigation
                                                                                                                    1. Building Codes
                                                                                                                      1. Seismic Design
                                                                                                                        1. Retrofitting
                                                                                                                        2. Emergency Planning
                                                                                                                          1. Response Procedures
                                                                                                                            1. Public Education
                                                                                                                            2. Land-Use Planning
                                                                                                                              1. Fault Zone Regulations
                                                                                                                                1. Hazard Mapping

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                                                                                                                            11. Volcanism