Geology

  1. Volcanism
    1. Volcanic Settings
      1. Convergent Plate Boundaries
        1. Subduction Zones
          1. Oceanic-Continental
            1. Oceanic-Oceanic
            2. Ring of Fire
              1. Pacific Rim Volcanism
            3. Divergent Plate Boundaries
              1. Mid-Ocean Ridges
                1. Submarine Volcanism
                2. Continental Rifts
                  1. East African Rift
                3. Intraplate Volcanism
                  1. Hot Spots
                    1. Mantle Plumes
                      1. Hawaiian Islands
                      2. Continental Hot Spots
                        1. Yellowstone
                    2. Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
                      1. Role of Magma Composition
                        1. Silica Content Effects
                          1. Viscosity Control
                          2. Influence of Temperature
                            1. High Temperature Magmas
                              1. Low Temperature Magmas
                              2. Gas Content and Eruption Style
                                1. Volatile Components
                                  1. Degassing Processes
                                  2. Explosive vs. Effusive Eruptions
                                    1. Factors Controlling Style
                                      1. Volcanic Explosivity Index
                                    2. Materials Extruded During an Eruption
                                      1. Lava Flows
                                        1. Pahoehoe
                                          1. Ropy Texture
                                            1. Low Viscosity
                                            2. Aa
                                              1. Blocky Texture
                                                1. Higher Viscosity
                                                2. Block Lava
                                                  1. Viscous Flows
                                                  2. Pillow Lava
                                                    1. Submarine Eruptions
                                                  3. Gases
                                                    1. Water Vapor
                                                      1. Most Abundant
                                                      2. Carbon Dioxide
                                                        1. Greenhouse Gas
                                                        2. Sulfur Compounds
                                                          1. Acid Rain Formation
                                                          2. Other Gases
                                                          3. Pyroclastic Materials
                                                            1. Ash
                                                              1. Fine Particles
                                                              2. Pumice
                                                                1. Vesicular Glass
                                                                2. Cinders
                                                                  1. Scoria
                                                                  2. Volcanic Bombs
                                                                    1. Large Projectiles
                                                                    2. Lapilli
                                                                      1. Pea-Sized Fragments
                                                                  3. Volcano Types and Landforms
                                                                    1. Shield Volcanoes
                                                                      1. Broad, Low Profile
                                                                        1. Basaltic Composition
                                                                          1. Hawaiian Type
                                                                          2. Cinder Cones
                                                                            1. Small, Steep-Sided
                                                                              1. Pyroclastic Construction
                                                                              2. Composite Volcanoes
                                                                                1. Stratovolcanoes
                                                                                  1. Alternating Layers
                                                                                    1. Explosive Eruptions
                                                                                    2. Calderas
                                                                                      1. Large Collapse Features
                                                                                        1. Explosive Eruptions
                                                                                        2. Fissure Eruptions
                                                                                          1. Linear Vents
                                                                                            1. Flood Basalts
                                                                                            2. Lava Plateaus
                                                                                              1. Extensive Lava Flows
                                                                                              2. Volcanic Domes
                                                                                                1. Viscous Lava
                                                                                                  1. Steep-Sided
                                                                                                2. Volcanic Hazards
                                                                                                  1. Lava Flows
                                                                                                    1. Property Destruction
                                                                                                      1. Slow-Moving Threat
                                                                                                      2. Pyroclastic Flows
                                                                                                        1. Hot Gas and Ash
                                                                                                          1. High Velocity
                                                                                                            1. Deadly
                                                                                                            2. Ashfall
                                                                                                              1. Widespread Distribution
                                                                                                                1. Respiratory Hazard
                                                                                                                  1. Crop Damage
                                                                                                                  2. Lahars
                                                                                                                    1. Volcanic Mudflows
                                                                                                                      1. Water and Debris
                                                                                                                      2. Volcanic Gases
                                                                                                                        1. Toxic Emissions
                                                                                                                          1. Acid Rain
                                                                                                                          2. Tsunamis
                                                                                                                            1. Volcanic Island Collapse
                                                                                                                              1. Submarine Eruptions
                                                                                                                              2. Long-Term Climate Effects
                                                                                                                                1. Ash and Gas Injection
                                                                                                                                  1. Global Cooling
                                                                                                                                2. Monitoring and Predicting Volcanic Activity
                                                                                                                                  1. Seismic Monitoring
                                                                                                                                    1. Earthquake Swarms
                                                                                                                                      1. Harmonic Tremor
                                                                                                                                      2. Ground Deformation
                                                                                                                                        1. Inflation and Deflation
                                                                                                                                          1. GPS Measurements
                                                                                                                                          2. Gas Emissions
                                                                                                                                            1. Chemical Composition
                                                                                                                                              1. Emission Rates
                                                                                                                                              2. Thermal Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                1. Temperature Changes
                                                                                                                                                  1. Satellite Imagery
                                                                                                                                                  2. Warning Systems
                                                                                                                                                    1. Alert Levels
                                                                                                                                                      1. Evacuation Planning

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                                                                                                                                                  12. Surface Processes: Geomorphology