Food Processing Engineering

  1. Properties of Food Materials
    1. Physical Properties
      1. Density and Specific Gravity
        1. True Density vs Bulk Density
          1. Measurement Methods
            1. Temperature and Pressure Effects
              1. Applications in Processing
              2. Particle Properties
                1. Size Distribution
                  1. Shape Factors
                    1. Surface Area
                      1. Porosity and Void Fraction
                      2. Mechanical Properties
                        1. Stress-Strain Relationships
                          1. Elastic Modulus
                            1. Compressive Strength
                              1. Tensile Strength
                                1. Hardness and Texture
                                2. Frictional Properties
                                  1. Static and Kinetic Friction
                                    1. Angle of Repose
                                      1. Coefficient of Friction
                                        1. Wall Friction
                                        2. Flow Properties of Particulate Materials
                                          1. Flowability Index
                                            1. Cohesion and Adhesion
                                              1. Angle of Internal Friction
                                                1. Bulk Flow Patterns
                                              2. Rheological Properties
                                                1. Fundamental Concepts
                                                  1. Stress and Strain
                                                    1. Shear Rate and Shear Stress
                                                      1. Viscosity Definition
                                                      2. Newtonian Fluids
                                                        1. Characteristics and Examples
                                                          1. Temperature Effects
                                                            1. Pressure Effects
                                                            2. Non-Newtonian Fluids
                                                              1. Pseudoplastic Fluids
                                                                1. Dilatant Fluids
                                                                  1. Bingham Plastics
                                                                    1. Thixotropic and Rheopectic Fluids
                                                                    2. Viscoelastic Properties
                                                                      1. Elastic Component
                                                                        1. Viscous Component
                                                                          1. Time-Dependent Behavior
                                                                          2. Rheological Measurements
                                                                            1. Rotational Viscometers
                                                                              1. Capillary Viscometers
                                                                                1. Oscillatory Testing
                                                                                  1. Texture Analysis
                                                                                2. Thermal Properties
                                                                                  1. Specific Heat Capacity
                                                                                    1. Definition and Units
                                                                                      1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                                        1. Composition Effects
                                                                                          1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                          2. Thermal Conductivity
                                                                                            1. Heat Conduction Mechanisms
                                                                                              1. Factors Affecting Conductivity
                                                                                                1. Measurement Techniques
                                                                                                  1. Predictive Models
                                                                                                  2. Thermal Diffusivity
                                                                                                    1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                                      1. Relationship to Other Properties
                                                                                                        1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                                        2. Enthalpy and Heat Content
                                                                                                          1. Sensible Heat
                                                                                                            1. Latent Heat
                                                                                                              1. Heat of Reaction
                                                                                                                1. Enthalpy-Temperature Relationships
                                                                                                                2. Phase Change Properties
                                                                                                                  1. Melting Point and Freezing Point
                                                                                                                    1. Heat of Fusion
                                                                                                                      1. Heat of Vaporization
                                                                                                                        1. Glass Transition Temperature
                                                                                                                      2. Electrical and Dielectric Properties
                                                                                                                        1. Electrical Conductivity
                                                                                                                          1. Ionic Conductivity
                                                                                                                            1. Electronic Conductivity
                                                                                                                              1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                1. Moisture Content Effects
                                                                                                                                2. Dielectric Properties
                                                                                                                                  1. Dielectric Constant
                                                                                                                                    1. Dielectric Loss Factor
                                                                                                                                      1. Frequency Dependence
                                                                                                                                      2. Applications in Processing
                                                                                                                                        1. Ohmic Heating
                                                                                                                                          1. Microwave Processing
                                                                                                                                            1. Dielectric Drying
                                                                                                                                              1. Quality Assessment
                                                                                                                                            2. Optical Properties
                                                                                                                                              1. Color Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                1. Color Spaces and Systems
                                                                                                                                                  1. Tristimulus Values
                                                                                                                                                    1. Color Difference Measurements
                                                                                                                                                      1. Instrumental Color Analysis
                                                                                                                                                      2. Light Interaction
                                                                                                                                                        1. Absorption
                                                                                                                                                          1. Reflection
                                                                                                                                                            1. Transmission
                                                                                                                                                              1. Scattering
                                                                                                                                                              2. Appearance Attributes
                                                                                                                                                                1. Gloss and Shine
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Translucency and Opacity
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Turbidity
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Water Properties and Activity
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Moisture Content
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wet Basis vs Dry Basis
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Equilibrium Moisture Content
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Water Activity
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Definition and Significance
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Relationship to Microbial Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Measurement Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Activity Control
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sorption Isotherms
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Types of Isotherms
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mathematical Models
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hysteresis Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Applications in Storage and Processing

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                                                                                                                                                                                      4. Thermodynamics in Food Processing