Environmental Biology

  1. Climate Change
    1. Climate System Fundamentals
      1. Energy Balance
        1. Solar Radiation
          1. Terrestrial Radiation
            1. Albedo Effects
            2. Greenhouse Effect
              1. Natural Greenhouse Effect
                1. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
                  1. Radiative Forcing
                  2. Climate Feedbacks
                    1. Positive Feedbacks
                      1. Negative Feedbacks
                        1. Feedback Loops
                      2. Greenhouse Gases
                        1. Carbon Dioxide
                          1. Sources and Sinks
                            1. Atmospheric Concentrations
                              1. Residence Time
                              2. Methane
                                1. Sources and Sinks
                                  1. Global Warming Potential
                                  2. Nitrous Oxide
                                    1. Sources and Sinks
                                      1. Atmospheric Chemistry
                                      2. Fluorinated Gases
                                        1. Types and Uses
                                          1. Atmospheric Lifetimes
                                          2. Water Vapor
                                            1. Role as Feedback
                                              1. Atmospheric Dynamics
                                            2. Evidence of Climate Change
                                              1. Temperature Records
                                                1. Regional Variations
                                                  1. Heat Waves and Cold Spells
                                                  2. Precipitation Changes
                                                    1. Global Patterns
                                                      1. Extreme Events
                                                        1. Seasonal Shifts
                                                        2. Ice and Snow
                                                          1. Arctic Sea Ice
                                                            1. Glacial Retreat
                                                              1. Ice Sheet Changes
                                                                1. Permafrost Thaw
                                                                2. Sea Level Rise
                                                                  1. Thermal Expansion
                                                                    1. Ice Sheet Contributions
                                                                      1. Regional Variations
                                                                      2. Ocean Changes
                                                                        1. Ocean Warming
                                                                          1. Ocean Acidification
                                                                            1. Circulation Changes
                                                                          2. Biological Impacts
                                                                            1. Physiological Effects
                                                                              1. Temperature Stress
                                                                                1. Water Stress
                                                                                  1. pH Effects
                                                                                  2. Phenological Changes
                                                                                    1. Timing of Life Events
                                                                                      1. Seasonal Mismatches
                                                                                        1. Migration Timing
                                                                                        2. Range Shifts
                                                                                          1. Latitudinal Shifts
                                                                                            1. Altitudinal Shifts
                                                                                              1. Marine Range Shifts
                                                                                              2. Species Interactions
                                                                                                1. Predator-Prey Dynamics
                                                                                                  1. Pollination Networks
                                                                                                    1. Disease Dynamics
                                                                                                    2. Ecosystem Changes
                                                                                                      1. Forest Dynamics
                                                                                                        1. Coral Reef Bleaching
                                                                                                          1. Wetland Changes
                                                                                                            1. Arctic Ecosystem Changes
                                                                                                          2. Climate Projections
                                                                                                            1. Climate Models
                                                                                                              1. General Circulation Models
                                                                                                                1. Regional Climate Models
                                                                                                                  1. Model Validation
                                                                                                                  2. Emission Scenarios
                                                                                                                    1. Representative Concentration Pathways
                                                                                                                      1. Socioeconomic Pathways
                                                                                                                      2. Uncertainty Analysis
                                                                                                                        1. Model Uncertainty
                                                                                                                          1. Scenario Uncertainty
                                                                                                                            1. Natural Variability
                                                                                                                          2. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                                                                            1. Emission Reduction
                                                                                                                              1. Energy Efficiency
                                                                                                                                1. Renewable Energy
                                                                                                                                  1. Carbon Pricing
                                                                                                                                  2. Carbon Sequestration
                                                                                                                                    1. Forest Carbon
                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Carbon
                                                                                                                                        1. Technological Solutions
                                                                                                                                        2. Policy Approaches
                                                                                                                                          1. International Agreements
                                                                                                                                            1. National Policies
                                                                                                                                              1. Local Initiatives

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                                                                                                                                          8. Environmental Toxicology

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                                                                                                                                          10. Biodiversity