Environmental Biology

  1. Conservation Biology
    1. Conservation Principles
      1. Conservation Goals
        1. Species Conservation
          1. Ecosystem Conservation
            1. Genetic Conservation
            2. Conservation Ethics
              1. Anthropocentric Views
                1. Biocentric Views
                  1. Ecocentric Views
                  2. Conservation Paradigms
                    1. Fortress Conservation
                      1. Community-Based Conservation
                        1. Landscape Conservation
                      2. Population Viability Analysis
                        1. Minimum Viable Population
                          1. Population Modeling
                            1. Genetic Considerations
                              1. Demographic Stochasticity
                                1. Environmental Stochasticity
                                2. Conservation Genetics
                                  1. Genetic Diversity Assessment
                                    1. Inbreeding Depression
                                      1. Outbreeding Depression
                                        1. Gene Flow
                                          1. Genetic Rescue
                                          2. Protected Areas
                                            1. Design Principles
                                              1. Size Requirements
                                                1. Shape Considerations
                                                  1. Connectivity
                                                    1. Representation
                                                    2. Types of Protected Areas
                                                      1. Strict Nature Reserves
                                                        1. National Parks
                                                          1. Natural Monuments
                                                            1. Habitat Management Areas
                                                              1. Protected Landscapes
                                                                1. Sustainable Use Areas
                                                                2. Effectiveness Assessment
                                                                  1. Management Challenges
                                                                  2. Habitat Restoration
                                                                    1. Restoration Goals
                                                                      1. Reference Ecosystems
                                                                        1. Restoration Techniques
                                                                          1. Active Restoration
                                                                            1. Passive Restoration
                                                                              1. Assisted Migration
                                                                              2. Success Criteria
                                                                                1. Adaptive Management
                                                                                2. Ex-situ Conservation
                                                                                  1. Captive Breeding Programs
                                                                                    1. Seed Banking
                                                                                      1. Tissue Culture
                                                                                        1. Cryopreservation
                                                                                          1. Reintroduction Programs
                                                                                          2. Conservation Policy
                                                                                            1. International Agreements
                                                                                              1. Convention on Biological Diversity
                                                                                                1. CITES
                                                                                                  1. Ramsar Convention
                                                                                                    1. World Heritage Convention
                                                                                                    2. National Legislation
                                                                                                      1. Endangered Species Acts
                                                                                                        1. Habitat Protection Laws
                                                                                                          1. Environmental Impact Assessment
                                                                                                          2. Economic Instruments
                                                                                                            1. Payment for Ecosystem Services
                                                                                                              1. Conservation Banking
                                                                                                                1. Debt-for-Nature Swaps

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                                                                                                            10. Biodiversity

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                                                                                                            12. Natural Resource Management