Environmental Biology

15.

Environmental Policy and Governance

15.1.

Policy Development Process

15.1.1.

Problem Recognition

15.1.2.

15.1.3.

Policy Formulation

15.1.4.

15.1.5.

15.2.

Environmental Law

15.2.1.

Legal Frameworks

15.2.2.

Regulatory Approaches

15.2.3.

Command and Control

15.2.4.

Market-Based Instruments

15.2.5.

Voluntary Measures

15.3.

International Environmental Governance

15.3.1.

Global Environmental Challenges

15.3.2.

International Organizations

15.3.3.

Multilateral Environmental Agreements

15.3.4.

Compliance Mechanisms

15.4.

National Environmental Policy

15.4.1.

Environmental Impact Assessment

15.4.2.

Strategic Environmental Assessment

15.4.3.

Integrated Assessment

15.4.4.

Adaptive Management

15.5.

Local Environmental Governance

15.5.1.

Community-Based Management

15.5.2.

Participatory Approaches

15.5.3.

Local Knowledge Integration

15.5.4.

Capacity Building

15.6.

Environmental Justice

15.6.1.

Distributive Justice

15.6.2.

Procedural Justice

15.6.3.

Recognition Justice

15.6.4.

Environmental Racism

15.6.5.

Vulnerable Populations

15.7.

Economics and Environment

15.7.1.

Environmental Valuation

15.7.2.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

15.7.3.

Payment for Ecosystem Services

15.7.4.

Green Accounting

15.7.5.

Natural Capital

15.8.

Science-Policy Interface

15.8.1.

Evidence-Based Policy

15.8.2.

Scientific Uncertainty

15.8.3.

Risk Assessment and Management

15.8.4.

Stakeholder Engagement

15.8.5.

Communication Strategies

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14. Sustainable Development

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1. Introduction to Environmental Biology