Environmental Biology

  1. Environmental Toxicology
    1. Toxicological Principles
      1. Dose-Response Relationships
        1. Threshold Models
          1. Non-threshold Models
            1. Hormesis
            2. Routes of Exposure
              1. Inhalation
                1. Ingestion
                  1. Dermal Contact
                    1. Injection
                    2. Toxicokinetics
                      1. Absorption
                        1. Distribution
                          1. Metabolism
                            1. Excretion
                            2. Toxicodynamics
                              1. Mechanisms of Action
                                1. Target Organs
                                  1. Cellular Effects
                                2. Types of Toxic Effects
                                  1. Acute Toxicity
                                    1. Chronic Toxicity
                                      1. Carcinogenicity
                                        1. Mutagenicity
                                          1. Teratogenicity
                                            1. Reproductive Toxicity
                                              1. Neurotoxicity
                                                1. Immunotoxicity
                                                2. Environmental Fate of Toxicants
                                                  1. Persistence
                                                    1. Bioaccumulation
                                                      1. Biomagnification
                                                        1. Food Chain Transfer
                                                        2. Endocrine Disruption
                                                          1. Mechanisms of Disruption
                                                            1. Common Endocrine Disruptors
                                                              1. Effects on Wildlife
                                                                1. Human Health Concerns
                                                                2. Ecotoxicology
                                                                  1. Single Species Testing
                                                                    1. Community-Level Effects
                                                                      1. Ecosystem-Level Effects
                                                                        1. Biomarkers and Bioindicators
                                                                        2. Risk Assessment
                                                                          1. Hazard Identification
                                                                            1. Dose-Response Assessment
                                                                              1. Exposure Assessment
                                                                                1. Risk Characterization
                                                                                  1. Risk Management

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                                                                                7. Environmental Pollution

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                                                                                9. Climate Change