Comparative Animal Physiology and Anatomy

  1. Movement and Musculoskeletal Systems
    1. Cellular Basis of Movement
      1. Cytoskeletal Elements
        1. Actin Filaments
          1. Myosin Motors
            1. Microtubules
            2. Cilia and Flagella
              1. Structure and Function
                1. Beating Mechanisms
                  1. Coordination
                  2. Amoeboid Movement
                    1. Pseudopod Formation
                      1. Cytoplasmic Streaming
                    2. Muscle Tissue Types
                      1. Skeletal Muscle
                        1. Striated Structure
                          1. Voluntary Control
                            1. Fiber Types
                              1. Fast-Twitch Fibers
                                1. Slow-Twitch Fibers
                              2. Cardiac Muscle
                                1. Striated Structure
                                  1. Involuntary Control
                                    1. Intercalated Discs
                                      1. Autorhythmicity
                                      2. Smooth Muscle
                                        1. Non-striated Structure
                                          1. Involuntary Control
                                            1. Single-Unit vs. Multi-Unit
                                            2. Invertebrate Muscle Variations
                                              1. Obliquely Striated Muscle
                                                1. Catch Muscle
                                              2. Muscle Contraction Mechanisms
                                                1. Sliding Filament Model
                                                  1. Actin-Myosin Interactions
                                                    1. Cross-Bridge Cycling
                                                      1. Calcium Regulation
                                                      2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
                                                        1. Neural Stimulation
                                                          1. Calcium Release
                                                            1. Contraction Initiation
                                                            2. Energy Requirements
                                                              1. ATP Utilization
                                                                1. Metabolic Pathways
                                                              2. Comparative Skeletal Systems
                                                                1. Hydrostatic Skeletons
                                                                  1. Fluid-Filled Cavities
                                                                    1. Muscle Arrangements
                                                                      1. Examples and Mechanisms
                                                                        1. Earthworms
                                                                          1. Squid
                                                                            1. Elephant Trunks
                                                                          2. Exoskeletons
                                                                            1. Arthropod Exoskeletons
                                                                              1. Chitin Composition
                                                                                1. Jointed Structure
                                                                                  1. Molting Process
                                                                                  2. Molluscan Shells
                                                                                    1. Calcium Carbonate Structure
                                                                                      1. Growth Patterns
                                                                                    2. Endoskeletons
                                                                                      1. Cartilaginous Skeletons
                                                                                        1. Structure and Properties
                                                                                          1. Examples in Vertebrates
                                                                                          2. Bony Skeletons
                                                                                            1. Bone Composition
                                                                                              1. Bone Formation
                                                                                                1. Bone Remodeling
                                                                                                2. Echinoderm Ossicles
                                                                                              2. Locomotion Mechanisms
                                                                                                1. Aquatic Locomotion
                                                                                                  1. Swimming Strategies
                                                                                                    1. Body and Caudal Fin Propulsion
                                                                                                      1. Jet Propulsion
                                                                                                        1. Undulatory Motion
                                                                                                        2. Buoyancy Control
                                                                                                        3. Terrestrial Locomotion
                                                                                                          1. Walking and Running
                                                                                                            1. Limb Mechanics
                                                                                                              1. Gait Patterns
                                                                                                                1. Energy Efficiency
                                                                                                                2. Crawling and Slithering
                                                                                                                  1. Serpentine Motion
                                                                                                                    1. Rectilinear Motion
                                                                                                                    2. Jumping and Leaping
                                                                                                                      1. Power Generation
                                                                                                                        1. Elastic Energy Storage
                                                                                                                      2. Aerial Locomotion
                                                                                                                        1. Flight Mechanisms
                                                                                                                          1. Powered Flight
                                                                                                                            1. Gliding
                                                                                                                              1. Wing Structure and Function
                                                                                                                              2. Aerodynamic Principles
                                                                                                                                1. Lift Generation
                                                                                                                                  1. Drag Reduction

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                                                                                                                            8. Endocrine Systems and Chemical Signaling

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                                                                                                                            10. Thermoregulation