Comparative Animal Physiology and Anatomy

6.

Osmoregulation and Excretion

6.1.

Principles of Water and Solute Balance

6.1.1.

Osmotic Relationships

6.1.2.

6.1.3.

6.1.4.

Osmoconformers vs. Osmoregulators

6.1.4.1.

Marine Invertebrates

6.1.4.2.

Freshwater and Terrestrial Animals

6.2.

Environmental Challenges

6.2.1.

Marine Environments

6.2.1.1.

Salt Loading Problems

6.2.1.2.

Dehydration Risks

6.2.1.3.

Salt Gland Adaptations

6.2.2.

Freshwater Environments

6.2.2.1.

Water Uptake Issues

6.2.2.2.

Ion Loss Problems

6.2.2.3.

Regulatory Mechanisms

6.2.3.

Terrestrial Environments

6.2.3.1.

Water Conservation Needs

6.2.3.2.

Behavioral Adaptations

6.2.3.3.

Physiological Adaptations

6.3.

Nitrogenous Waste Products

6.3.1.

6.3.1.1.

Toxicity and Solubility

6.3.1.2.

Excretion Requirements

6.3.1.3.

Aquatic Adaptations

6.3.2.

6.3.2.1.

Synthesis Pathways

6.3.2.2.

6.3.2.3.

Water Conservation

6.3.3.

6.3.3.1.

Synthesis and Excretion

6.3.3.2.

Water Conservation Advantages

6.3.3.3.

Terrestrial Adaptations

6.3.4.

Other Nitrogenous Compounds

6.4.

Comparative Excretory Systems

6.4.1.

Contractile Vacuoles

6.4.1.1.

Function in Protozoans

6.4.1.2.

Regulation Mechanisms

6.4.2.

6.4.2.1.

Structure in Flatworms

6.4.2.2.

Flame Cell Function

6.4.3.

6.4.3.1.

Structure in Annelids

6.4.3.2.

Filtration and Reabsorption

6.4.4.

Malpighian Tubules

6.4.4.1.

Structure in Insects

6.4.4.2.

Function and Regulation

6.4.5.

Vertebrate Kidneys

6.4.5.1.

Basic Structure and Function

6.4.5.2.

Evolutionary Modifications

6.5.

The Vertebrate Kidney

6.5.1.

Nephron Structure

6.5.1.1.

6.5.1.1.1.

Filtration Apparatus

6.5.1.1.2.

Filtration Pressure

6.5.1.2.

6.5.1.2.1.

Proximal Tubule

6.5.1.2.2.

6.5.1.2.3.

6.5.1.2.4.

Collecting Duct

6.5.2.

Kidney Functions

6.5.2.1.

6.5.2.1.1.

Glomerular Filtration Rate

6.5.2.1.2.

Filtration Selectivity

6.5.2.2.

6.5.2.2.1.

Active Transport

6.5.2.2.2.

Passive Transport

6.5.2.2.3.

Selective Reabsorption

6.5.2.3.

6.5.2.3.1.

Active Secretion

6.5.2.3.2.

Waste Elimination

6.5.3.

Urine Concentration

6.5.3.1.

Countercurrent Multiplication

6.5.3.2.

Loop of Henle Function

6.5.3.3.

Collecting Duct Role

6.5.4.

Hormonal Regulation

6.5.4.1.

Antidiuretic Hormone

6.5.4.1.1.

Release and Function

6.5.4.2.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

6.5.4.2.1.

Blood Pressure Regulation

6.5.4.2.2.

6.5.4.3.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

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