Comparative Animal Physiology and Anatomy

  1. Circulation and Internal Transport
    1. The Need for Circulatory Systems
      1. Diffusion Limitations
        1. Transport Requirements
          1. Gases
            1. Nutrients
              1. Wastes
                1. Hormones
                2. Size and Complexity Relationships
                3. Open Circulatory Systems
                  1. Basic Components
                    1. Hemolymph Composition
                      1. Heart Structure
                        1. Sinuses and Lacunae
                        2. Circulation Patterns
                          1. Flow Mechanisms
                            1. Pressure Relationships
                            2. Examples and Variations
                              1. Arthropod Systems
                                1. Molluscan Systems
                                2. Advantages and Limitations
                                3. Closed Circulatory Systems
                                  1. Basic Components
                                    1. Blood Composition
                                      1. Heart Structure
                                        1. Vessel Types
                                          1. Arteries
                                            1. Veins
                                              1. Capillaries
                                            2. Circulation Patterns
                                              1. Pressure and Flow
                                                1. Resistance Relationships
                                                2. Examples and Variations
                                                  1. Annelid Systems
                                                    1. Cephalopod Systems
                                                      1. Vertebrate Systems
                                                      2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                      3. Comparative Vertebrate Circulation
                                                        1. Fish Circulation
                                                          1. Two-Chambered Heart
                                                            1. Single Circuit Pattern
                                                              1. Gill Circulation
                                                              2. Amphibian Circulation
                                                                1. Three-Chambered Heart
                                                                  1. Double Circuit Development
                                                                    1. Mixing and Separation
                                                                    2. Reptilian Circulation
                                                                      1. Three-Chambered Heart Variations
                                                                        1. Partial Septum Function
                                                                        2. Avian and Mammalian Circulation
                                                                          1. Four-Chambered Heart
                                                                            1. Complete Double Circuit
                                                                              1. Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits
                                                                            2. Blood and Hemolymph Composition
                                                                              1. Plasma Components
                                                                                1. Water Content
                                                                                  1. Proteins
                                                                                    1. Albumins
                                                                                      1. Globulins
                                                                                        1. Fibrinogen
                                                                                        2. Dissolved Solutes
                                                                                        3. Cellular Components
                                                                                          1. Red Blood Cells
                                                                                            1. Structure and Function
                                                                                              1. Hemoglobin Content
                                                                                                1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                2. White Blood Cells
                                                                                                  1. Granulocytes
                                                                                                    1. Agranulocytes
                                                                                                      1. Immune Functions
                                                                                                      2. Platelets and Thrombocytes
                                                                                                        1. Clotting Mechanisms
                                                                                                          1. Hemostasis
                                                                                                      3. Cardiovascular Regulation
                                                                                                        1. Neural Control
                                                                                                          1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                            1. Local Regulation

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                                                                                                          4. Respiration and Gas Exchange

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                                                                                                          6. Osmoregulation and Excretion