Comparative Animal Physiology and Anatomy

  1. Thermoregulation
    1. Heat Transfer Mechanisms
      1. Conduction
        1. Direct Contact Transfer
          1. Thermal Conductivity
          2. Convection
            1. Fluid Movement
              1. Forced vs. Natural Convection
              2. Radiation
                1. Electromagnetic Energy Transfer
                  1. Surface Properties
                  2. Evaporation
                    1. Latent Heat of Vaporization
                      1. Cooling Efficiency
                    2. Thermal Classification Systems
                      1. Temperature Regulation
                        1. Poikilothermy
                          1. Variable Body Temperature
                          2. Homeothermy
                            1. Constant Body Temperature
                          3. Heat Source
                            1. Ectothermy
                              1. External Heat Sources
                              2. Endothermy
                                1. Internal Heat Generation
                              3. Combined Classifications
                                1. Ectothermic Poikilotherms
                                  1. Endothermic Homeotherms
                                    1. Intermediate Categories
                                  2. Behavioral Thermoregulation
                                    1. Heat Seeking Behaviors
                                      1. Basking
                                        1. Microhabitat Selection
                                        2. Heat Avoidance Behaviors
                                          1. Burrowing
                                            1. Shade Seeking
                                              1. Temporal Activity Patterns
                                              2. Migration and Movement
                                                1. Seasonal Migration
                                                  1. Altitudinal Movement
                                                    1. Daily Movement Patterns
                                                  2. Physiological Thermoregulation
                                                    1. Vascular Adjustments
                                                      1. Vasodilation
                                                        1. Heat Loss Enhancement
                                                        2. Vasoconstriction
                                                          1. Heat Conservation
                                                        3. Countercurrent Heat Exchange
                                                          1. Arterial-Venous Heat Transfer
                                                            1. Extremity Temperature Control
                                                              1. Examples in Different Taxa
                                                              2. Metabolic Adjustments
                                                                1. Shivering Thermogenesis
                                                                  1. Muscle Contraction Heat
                                                                  2. Non-shivering Thermogenesis
                                                                    1. Brown Adipose Tissue
                                                                      1. Metabolic Heat Production
                                                                    2. Evaporative Cooling
                                                                      1. Sweating
                                                                        1. Panting
                                                                          1. Behavioral Wetting
                                                                        2. Structural Adaptations for Thermoregulation
                                                                          1. Insulation
                                                                            1. Fur and Hair
                                                                              1. Structure and Function
                                                                                1. Seasonal Changes
                                                                                2. Feathers
                                                                                  1. Down vs. Contour Feathers
                                                                                    1. Arrangement and Density
                                                                                    2. Subcutaneous Fat
                                                                                      1. Blubber in Marine Mammals
                                                                                        1. Insulation Properties
                                                                                      2. Surface Area Modifications
                                                                                        1. Appendage Size Variations
                                                                                          1. Body Shape Adaptations
                                                                                          2. Color and Reflectance
                                                                                            1. Heat Absorption
                                                                                              1. Heat Reflection
                                                                                            2. Extreme Thermoregulatory Strategies
                                                                                              1. Torpor
                                                                                                1. Daily Torpor
                                                                                                  1. Metabolic Depression
                                                                                                    1. Arousal Mechanisms
                                                                                                    2. Hibernation
                                                                                                      1. Seasonal Dormancy
                                                                                                        1. Physiological Changes
                                                                                                          1. Preparation and Emergence
                                                                                                          2. Estivation
                                                                                                            1. Summer Dormancy
                                                                                                              1. Drought Avoidance
                                                                                                              2. Freeze Tolerance and Avoidance
                                                                                                                1. Antifreeze Proteins
                                                                                                                  1. Cryoprotectants
                                                                                                                    1. Supercooling

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                                                                                                                9. Movement and Musculoskeletal Systems

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                                                                                                                11. Reproduction and Development