Comparative Animal Physiology and Anatomy

  1. Nervous Systems and Sensory Perception
    1. Evolution and Organization of Nervous Systems
      1. Nerve Nets
        1. Structure in Cnidarians
          1. Diffuse Organization
            1. Simple Responses
            2. Cephalization and Centralization
              1. Advantages of Centralization
              2. Ganglia and Nerve Cords
                1. Invertebrate Organization
                  1. Segmental Ganglia
                    1. Coordination Mechanisms
                  2. Cellular Basis of Neural Function
                    1. Neuron Structure
                      1. Cell Body
                        1. Dendrites
                          1. Axon
                            1. Synaptic Terminals
                            2. Membrane Potentials
                              1. Resting Potential
                                1. Action Potential
                                  1. Depolarization
                                    1. Repolarization
                                      1. Refractory Periods
                                      2. Graded Potentials
                                      3. Synaptic Transmission
                                        1. Chemical Synapses
                                          1. Neurotransmitter Release
                                            1. Receptor Binding
                                              1. Signal Termination
                                              2. Electrical Synapses
                                                1. Gap Junctions
                                                  1. Direct Coupling
                                                2. Glial Cells
                                                  1. Support Functions
                                                    1. Myelination
                                                      1. Blood-Brain Barrier
                                                    2. Comparative Central Nervous Systems
                                                      1. Invertebrate Nervous Systems
                                                        1. Arthropod Brains
                                                          1. Protocerebrum
                                                            1. Deutocerebrum
                                                              1. Tritocerebrum
                                                              2. Molluscan Nervous Systems
                                                                1. Ganglionic Organization
                                                                  1. Cephalopod Complexity
                                                                  2. Annelid Nervous Systems
                                                                    1. Segmental Organization
                                                                  3. Vertebrate Brain Evolution
                                                                    1. Basic Brain Plan
                                                                      1. Forebrain
                                                                        1. Cerebrum
                                                                          1. Diencephalon
                                                                          2. Midbrain
                                                                            1. Tectum
                                                                              1. Tegmentum
                                                                              2. Hindbrain
                                                                                1. Cerebellum
                                                                                  1. Medulla
                                                                            2. Comparative Sensory Systems
                                                                              1. Mechanoreception
                                                                                1. Touch and Pressure
                                                                                  1. Receptor Types
                                                                                    1. Adaptation Mechanisms
                                                                                    2. Proprioception
                                                                                      1. Position Sensing
                                                                                      2. Hearing and Sound Detection
                                                                                        1. Statocysts
                                                                                          1. Tympanic Organs
                                                                                            1. Lateral Line System
                                                                                              1. Vertebrate Ears
                                                                                                1. Inner Ear Structure
                                                                                                  1. Sound Transduction
                                                                                                2. Equilibrium and Balance
                                                                                                  1. Vestibular System
                                                                                                    1. Otoliths
                                                                                                  2. Chemoreception
                                                                                                    1. Taste Reception
                                                                                                      1. Gustatory Receptors
                                                                                                        1. Taste Categories
                                                                                                        2. Smell Reception
                                                                                                          1. Olfactory Receptors
                                                                                                            1. Odor Processing
                                                                                                            2. Chemical Communication
                                                                                                              1. Pheromone Detection
                                                                                                            3. Photoreception
                                                                                                              1. Simple Photoreceptors
                                                                                                                1. Ocelli Structure
                                                                                                                  1. Light Detection
                                                                                                                  2. Compound Eyes
                                                                                                                    1. Ommatidial Structure
                                                                                                                      1. Image Formation
                                                                                                                        1. Motion Detection
                                                                                                                        2. Single-Lens Eyes
                                                                                                                          1. Camera-Type Eyes
                                                                                                                            1. Accommodation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                              1. Visual Processing
                                                                                                                            2. Specialized Senses
                                                                                                                              1. Thermoreception
                                                                                                                                1. Temperature Sensors
                                                                                                                                  1. Infrared Detection
                                                                                                                                  2. Electroreception
                                                                                                                                    1. Passive Electroreception
                                                                                                                                      1. Active Electroreception
                                                                                                                                      2. Magnetoreception
                                                                                                                                      3. Echolocation
                                                                                                                                        1. Sound Production
                                                                                                                                          1. Echo Processing

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                                                                                                                                    6. Osmoregulation and Excretion

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                                                                                                                                    8. Endocrine Systems and Chemical Signaling