Botany (Plant Biology)

  1. Plant Genetics
    1. Mendelian Genetics in Plants
      1. Laws of Inheritance
        1. Law of Segregation
          1. Law of Independent Assortment
          2. Monohybrid Crosses
            1. Single Trait Inheritance
              1. Phenotypic Ratios
              2. Dihybrid Crosses
                1. Two Trait Inheritance
                  1. Independent Assortment
                  2. Test Crosses
                    1. Genotype Determination
                      1. Backcrossing
                    2. Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
                      1. Chromosome Structure
                        1. Chromatin Organization
                          1. Histone Proteins
                          2. Meiosis in Plants
                            1. Reduction Division
                              1. Gamete Formation
                              2. Linkage and Recombination
                                1. Gene Linkage
                                  1. Crossing Over
                                2. Gene Linkage and Mapping
                                  1. Genetic Maps
                                    1. Map Units
                                      1. Recombination Frequency
                                      2. Crossing Over
                                        1. Chiasma Formation
                                          1. Genetic Recombination
                                        2. Molecular Genetics
                                          1. DNA Structure and Replication
                                            1. Double Helix
                                              1. Semiconservative Replication
                                              2. RNA Types and Functions
                                                1. Messenger RNA
                                                  1. Transfer RNA
                                                    1. Ribosomal RNA
                                                    2. Gene Expression and Regulation
                                                      1. Transcription
                                                        1. RNA Polymerase
                                                          1. Promoter Regions
                                                          2. Translation
                                                            1. Ribosome Function
                                                              1. Protein Synthesis
                                                              2. Epigenetic Regulation
                                                                1. DNA Methylation
                                                                  1. Histone Modification
                                                              3. Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
                                                                1. Methods of Plant Transformation
                                                                  1. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation
                                                                    1. Ti Plasmid
                                                                      1. Gene Transfer
                                                                      2. Gene Gun
                                                                        1. Biolistic Transformation
                                                                          1. Particle Bombardment
                                                                          2. CRISPR and Genome Editing
                                                                            1. Targeted Mutagenesis
                                                                              1. Gene Editing
                                                                            2. Applications in Agriculture
                                                                              1. Genetically Modified Crops
                                                                                1. Herbicide Resistance
                                                                                  1. Insect Resistance
                                                                                  2. Disease Resistance
                                                                                    1. Pathogen Resistance Genes
                                                                                      1. Enhanced Immunity
                                                                                      2. Improved Nutrition
                                                                                        1. Biofortification
                                                                                          1. Enhanced Nutrient Content
                                                                                        2. Applications in Medicine
                                                                                          1. Pharmaceutical Production
                                                                                            1. Plant-made Pharmaceuticals
                                                                                              1. Protein Expression
                                                                                              2. Vaccines
                                                                                                1. Edible Vaccines
                                                                                                  1. Antigen Production

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                                                                                            8. Plant Diversity and Systematics

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                                                                                            10. Plant Ecology