Botany (Plant Biology)

  1. The Plant Cell
    1. General Structure of a Plant Cell
      1. The Cell Wall
        1. Composition and Structure
          1. Cellulose
            1. Hemicellulose
              1. Pectin
                1. Lignin
                2. Primary Cell Wall
                  1. Secondary Cell Wall
                    1. Plasmodesmata
                      1. Structure and Function
                        1. Intercellular Communication
                      2. The Protoplast
                        1. Plasma Membrane
                          1. Structure and Function
                            1. Selective Permeability
                            2. Cytoplasm
                              1. Cytosol
                                1. Cytoskeleton
                                  1. Microtubules
                                    1. Microfilaments
                                      1. Intermediate Filaments
                                    2. Nucleus
                                      1. Nuclear Envelope
                                        1. Nucleolus
                                          1. Chromatin
                                            1. Nuclear Pores
                                        2. Plant Cell Organelles
                                          1. Plastids
                                            1. Chloroplasts
                                              1. Structure
                                                1. Thylakoids
                                                  1. Grana
                                                    1. Stroma
                                                    2. Function in Photosynthesis
                                                    3. Chromoplasts
                                                      1. Pigment Storage
                                                        1. Carotenoid Accumulation
                                                        2. Leucoplasts
                                                          1. Amyloplasts
                                                            1. Elaioplasts
                                                              1. Proteinoplasts
                                                            2. Vacuoles
                                                              1. The Tonoplast
                                                                1. Functions of the Vacuole
                                                                  1. Storage
                                                                    1. Turgor Pressure Maintenance
                                                                      1. Waste Disposal
                                                                        1. Structural Support
                                                                      2. Mitochondria
                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                          1. Outer Membrane
                                                                            1. Inner Membrane
                                                                              1. Cristae
                                                                                1. Matrix
                                                                                2. Role in Cellular Respiration
                                                                                3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
                                                                                  1. Rough ER
                                                                                    1. Protein Synthesis
                                                                                      1. Membrane Production
                                                                                      2. Smooth ER
                                                                                        1. Lipid Synthesis
                                                                                          1. Detoxification
                                                                                        2. Golgi Apparatus
                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                            1. Cisternae
                                                                                              1. Cis and Trans Faces
                                                                                              2. Role in Secretion and Transport
                                                                                              3. Ribosomes
                                                                                                1. Free Ribosomes
                                                                                                  1. Bound Ribosomes
                                                                                                    1. Protein Synthesis
                                                                                                    2. Peroxisomes
                                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                        1. Role in Photorespiration
                                                                                                      2. The Cell Cycle in Plants
                                                                                                        1. Interphase
                                                                                                          1. G1 Phase
                                                                                                            1. S Phase
                                                                                                              1. G2 Phase
                                                                                                              2. Mitosis
                                                                                                                1. Prophase
                                                                                                                  1. Metaphase
                                                                                                                    1. Anaphase
                                                                                                                      1. Telophase
                                                                                                                      2. Cytokinesis and Cell Plate Formation
                                                                                                                        1. Formation of the Cell Plate
                                                                                                                          1. Differences from Animal Cytokinesis

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                                                                                                                      1. Introduction to Botany

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                                                                                                                      3. Plant Tissues and Tissue Systems