Botany (Plant Biology)

  1. Plant Diversity and Systematics
    1. Principles of Taxonomy and Phylogeny
      1. Classification Hierarchies
        1. Kingdom
          1. Phylum
            1. Class
              1. Order
                1. Family
                  1. Genus
                    1. Species
                    2. Binomial Nomenclature
                      1. Scientific Naming
                        1. Linnean System
                        2. Phylogenetic Trees
                          1. Evolutionary Relationships
                            1. Cladistic Analysis
                            2. Molecular Systematics
                              1. DNA Sequencing
                                1. Phylogenetic Reconstruction
                              2. Non-Vascular Plants
                                1. General Characteristics
                                  1. Lack of Vascular Tissue
                                    1. Water Dependence
                                      1. Gametophyte Dominance
                                      2. Mosses
                                        1. Life Cycle
                                          1. Alternation of Generations
                                            1. Sporophyte and Gametophyte
                                            2. Structure
                                              1. Leafy Gametophyte
                                                1. Rhizoids
                                              2. Liverworts
                                                1. Life Cycle
                                                  1. Gametophyte Dominance
                                                    1. Sporophyte Dependence
                                                    2. Structure
                                                      1. Thalloid and Leafy Forms
                                                        1. Archegonia and Antheridia
                                                      2. Hornworts
                                                        1. Life Cycle
                                                          1. Unique Sporophyte
                                                            1. Continuous Growth
                                                            2. Structure
                                                              1. Thalloid Gametophyte
                                                                1. Horn-like Sporophyte
                                                            3. Seedless Vascular Plants
                                                              1. General Characteristics
                                                                1. Vascular Tissue Presence
                                                                  1. Sporophyte Dominance
                                                                    1. Spore Reproduction
                                                                    2. Club Mosses
                                                                      1. Life Cycle
                                                                        1. Homosporous and Heterosporous
                                                                          1. Independent Gametophytes
                                                                          2. Structure
                                                                            1. Microphylls
                                                                              1. Strobili
                                                                            2. Ferns and Horsetails
                                                                              1. Life Cycle
                                                                                1. Sporophyte Dominance
                                                                                  1. Free-living Gametophytes
                                                                                  2. Structure
                                                                                    1. Megaphylls
                                                                                      1. Sori and Sporangia
                                                                                  3. Seed Plants
                                                                                    1. General Characteristics
                                                                                      1. Seed Production
                                                                                        1. Reduced Gametophytes
                                                                                          1. Pollen Grains
                                                                                          2. Gymnosperms
                                                                                            1. Conifers
                                                                                              1. Structure and Life Cycle
                                                                                                1. Needle Leaves
                                                                                                  1. Cone Production
                                                                                                2. Cycads
                                                                                                  1. Structure and Life Cycle
                                                                                                    1. Palm-like Appearance
                                                                                                      1. Dioecious Cones
                                                                                                    2. Ginkgo
                                                                                                      1. Structure and Life Cycle
                                                                                                        1. Fan-shaped Leaves
                                                                                                          1. Dioecious Trees
                                                                                                        2. Gnetophytes
                                                                                                          1. Structure and Life Cycle
                                                                                                            1. Vessel Elements
                                                                                                              1. Compound Strobili
                                                                                                          2. Angiosperms
                                                                                                            1. General Characteristics
                                                                                                              1. Flowers and Fruits
                                                                                                                1. Double Fertilization
                                                                                                                  1. Vessel Elements
                                                                                                                  2. Basal Angiosperms
                                                                                                                    1. Primitive Characteristics
                                                                                                                      1. Early Diverging Groups
                                                                                                                      2. Magnoliids
                                                                                                                        1. Magnolia and Relatives
                                                                                                                          1. Primitive Flower Structure
                                                                                                                          2. Monocots
                                                                                                                            1. Structure and Examples
                                                                                                                              1. Parallel Leaf Venation
                                                                                                                                1. Scattered Vascular Bundles
                                                                                                                                  1. Flower Parts in Threes
                                                                                                                                2. Eudicots
                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Examples
                                                                                                                                    1. Reticulate Leaf Venation
                                                                                                                                      1. Ring Vascular Bundles
                                                                                                                                        1. Flower Parts in Fours or Fives

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                                                                                                                                7. Plant Reproduction

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                                                                                                                                9. Plant Genetics