Botany (Plant Biology)

5.

Plant Physiology: Function and Processes

5.1.

Water Relations

5.1.1.

Properties of Water

5.1.1.1.

5.1.1.1.1.

Hydrogen Bonding

5.1.1.1.2.

Molecular Structure

5.1.1.2.

Cohesion and Adhesion

5.1.1.2.1.

Water-Water Attraction

5.1.1.2.2.

Water-Surface Attraction

5.1.1.3.

Surface Tension

5.1.1.3.1.

Molecular Forces

5.1.1.3.2.

Biological Significance

5.1.2.

Water Potential

5.1.2.1.

5.1.2.1.1.

Solute Potential

5.1.2.1.2.

Pressure Potential

5.1.2.1.3.

Matric Potential

5.1.2.2.

Measurement and Significance

5.1.2.2.1.

Units and Calculations

5.1.2.2.2.

Osmotic Relationships

5.1.3.

Absorption of Water by Roots

5.1.3.1.

5.1.3.1.1.

Apoplast Pathway

5.1.3.1.2.

Symplast Pathway

5.1.3.1.3.

Transmembrane Pathway

5.1.3.2.

Role of Root Hairs

5.1.3.2.1.

Surface Area Enhancement

5.1.3.2.2.

Absorption Efficiency

5.1.4.

5.1.4.1.

5.1.4.1.1.

Stomatal Transpiration

5.1.4.1.2.

Cuticular Transpiration

5.1.4.2.

Factors Affecting Transpiration

5.1.4.2.1.

Light Intensity

5.1.4.2.2.

5.1.4.2.3.

5.1.4.2.4.

5.1.4.3.

Regulation by Stomata

5.1.4.3.1.

Guard Cell Function

5.1.4.3.2.

Stomatal Opening and Closing

5.1.5.

Cohesion-Tension Theory

5.1.5.1.

Mechanism of Water Transport

5.1.5.2.

5.1.5.3.

Transpiration Pull

5.2.

Mineral Nutrition

5.2.1.

Essential Nutrients

5.2.1.1.

5.2.1.1.1.

5.2.1.1.2.

5.2.1.1.3.

5.2.1.1.4.

5.2.1.1.5.

5.2.1.1.6.

5.2.1.2.

5.2.1.2.1.

5.2.1.2.2.

5.2.1.2.3.

5.2.1.2.4.

5.2.1.2.5.

5.2.1.2.6.

5.2.1.2.7.

5.2.2.

Nutrient Uptake from Soil

5.2.2.1.

5.2.2.1.1.

Cation Exchange

5.2.2.1.2.

5.2.2.2.

Active Transport

5.2.2.3.

Mycorrhizal Associations

5.2.2.3.1.

Ectomycorrhizae

5.2.2.3.2.

Endomycorrhizae

5.2.3.

Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms

5.2.3.1.

Visual Diagnosis

5.2.3.1.1.

5.2.3.1.2.

5.2.3.1.3.

5.2.3.2.

Effects on Plant Growth

5.2.3.2.1.

5.2.3.2.2.

Poor Development

5.3.

Transport in Plants

5.3.1.

Translocation in the Phloem

5.3.1.1.

Source-to-Sink Movement

5.3.1.1.1.

5.3.1.1.2.

5.3.1.2.

Role of Sieve Tubes and Companion Cells

5.3.1.2.1.

Structural Relationship

5.3.1.2.2.

Metabolic Support

5.3.2.

The Pressure-Flow Hypothesis

5.3.2.1.

Mechanism of Phloem Transport

5.3.2.2.

Loading and Unloading

5.3.2.3.

Pressure Gradients

5.4.

Photosynthesis: Capturing Light Energy

5.4.1.

The Nature of Light

5.4.1.1.

5.4.1.1.1.

Visible Light Range

5.4.1.1.2.

Photosynthetically Active Radiation

5.4.1.2.

Absorption by Pigments

5.4.1.2.1.

Light Absorption Spectra

5.4.1.2.2.

Energy Transfer

5.4.2.

Chloroplasts and Photosynthetic Pigments

5.4.2.1.

5.4.2.1.1.

5.4.2.1.2.

5.4.2.1.3.

Structure and Function

5.4.2.2.

5.4.2.2.1.

5.4.2.2.2.

5.4.2.2.3.

Accessory Pigments

5.4.2.3.

5.4.2.3.1.

5.4.2.3.2.

5.4.3.

The Light-Dependent Reactions

5.4.3.1.

Photosystems I and II

5.4.3.1.1.

Structure and Function

5.4.3.1.2.

Reaction Centers

5.4.3.2.

Electron Transport Chain

5.4.3.2.1.

5.4.3.2.2.

Energy Conversion

5.4.3.3.

Photophosphorylation

5.4.3.3.1.

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

5.4.3.3.2.

Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

5.4.4.

The Light-Independent Reactions

5.4.4.1.

5.4.4.1.1.

Carbon Fixation

5.4.4.1.2.

Reduction Phase

5.4.4.1.3.

Regeneration Phase

5.4.4.2.

5.4.4.2.1.

Structure and Function

5.4.4.2.2.

Carbon Dioxide Fixation

5.4.5.

C3, C4, and CAM Photosynthesis

5.4.5.1.

5.4.5.1.1.

5.4.5.1.2.

Photorespiration

5.4.5.2.

5.4.5.2.1.

Spatial Separation

5.4.5.2.2.

5.4.5.3.

5.4.5.3.1.

Temporal Separation

5.4.5.3.2.

Water Conservation

5.4.5.4.

Ecological Significance

5.4.5.4.1.

Environmental Adaptations

5.4.5.4.2.

Efficiency Comparisons

5.5.

Cellular Respiration in Plants

5.5.1.

5.5.1.1.

Location and Process

5.5.1.2.

5.5.1.3.

Pyruvate Formation

5.5.2.

The Krebs Cycle

5.5.2.1.

Location and Process

5.5.2.2.

NADH and FADH2 Production

5.5.2.3.

5.5.3.

The Electron Transport Chain

5.5.3.1.

Location and Process

5.5.3.2.

5.5.3.3.

Oxygen Consumption

5.5.4.

Anaerobic Respiration

5.5.4.1.

Alcoholic Fermentation

5.5.4.1.1.

Yeast and Plant Cells

5.5.4.1.2.

Ethanol Production

5.5.4.2.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

5.5.4.2.1.

Lactate Formation

5.5.4.2.2.

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