Botany (Plant Biology)

  1. Plant Physiology: Function and Processes
    1. Water Relations
      1. Properties of Water
        1. Polarity
          1. Hydrogen Bonding
            1. Molecular Structure
            2. Cohesion and Adhesion
              1. Water-Water Attraction
                1. Water-Surface Attraction
                2. Surface Tension
                  1. Molecular Forces
                    1. Biological Significance
                  2. Water Potential
                    1. Components
                      1. Solute Potential
                        1. Pressure Potential
                          1. Matric Potential
                          2. Measurement and Significance
                            1. Units and Calculations
                              1. Osmotic Relationships
                            2. Absorption of Water by Roots
                              1. Pathways
                                1. Apoplast Pathway
                                  1. Symplast Pathway
                                    1. Transmembrane Pathway
                                    2. Role of Root Hairs
                                      1. Surface Area Enhancement
                                        1. Absorption Efficiency
                                      2. Transpiration
                                        1. Mechanism
                                          1. Stomatal Transpiration
                                            1. Cuticular Transpiration
                                            2. Factors Affecting Transpiration
                                              1. Light Intensity
                                                1. Temperature
                                                  1. Humidity
                                                    1. Wind Speed
                                                    2. Regulation by Stomata
                                                      1. Guard Cell Function
                                                        1. Stomatal Opening and Closing
                                                      2. Cohesion-Tension Theory
                                                        1. Mechanism of Water Transport
                                                          1. Xylem Function
                                                            1. Transpiration Pull
                                                          2. Mineral Nutrition
                                                            1. Essential Nutrients
                                                              1. Macronutrients
                                                                1. Nitrogen
                                                                  1. Phosphorus
                                                                    1. Potassium
                                                                      1. Calcium
                                                                        1. Magnesium
                                                                          1. Sulfur
                                                                          2. Micronutrients
                                                                            1. Iron
                                                                              1. Manganese
                                                                                1. Zinc
                                                                                  1. Copper
                                                                                    1. Boron
                                                                                      1. Molybdenum
                                                                                        1. Chlorine
                                                                                      2. Nutrient Uptake from Soil
                                                                                        1. Ion Exchange
                                                                                          1. Cation Exchange
                                                                                            1. Anion Exchange
                                                                                            2. Active Transport
                                                                                              1. Mycorrhizal Associations
                                                                                                1. Ectomycorrhizae
                                                                                                  1. Endomycorrhizae
                                                                                                2. Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                  1. Visual Diagnosis
                                                                                                    1. Chlorosis
                                                                                                      1. Necrosis
                                                                                                        1. Stunted Growth
                                                                                                        2. Effects on Plant Growth
                                                                                                          1. Reduced Yield
                                                                                                            1. Poor Development
                                                                                                        3. Transport in Plants
                                                                                                          1. Translocation in the Phloem
                                                                                                            1. Source-to-Sink Movement
                                                                                                              1. Source Tissues
                                                                                                                1. Sink Tissues
                                                                                                                2. Role of Sieve Tubes and Companion Cells
                                                                                                                  1. Structural Relationship
                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Support
                                                                                                                  2. The Pressure-Flow Hypothesis
                                                                                                                    1. Mechanism of Phloem Transport
                                                                                                                      1. Loading and Unloading
                                                                                                                        1. Pressure Gradients
                                                                                                                      2. Photosynthesis: Capturing Light Energy
                                                                                                                        1. The Nature of Light
                                                                                                                          1. Light Spectrum
                                                                                                                            1. Visible Light Range
                                                                                                                              1. Photosynthetically Active Radiation
                                                                                                                              2. Absorption by Pigments
                                                                                                                                1. Light Absorption Spectra
                                                                                                                                  1. Energy Transfer
                                                                                                                                2. Chloroplasts and Photosynthetic Pigments
                                                                                                                                  1. Chlorophylls
                                                                                                                                    1. Chlorophyll a
                                                                                                                                      1. Chlorophyll b
                                                                                                                                        1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                        2. Carotenoids
                                                                                                                                          1. Beta-carotene
                                                                                                                                            1. Xanthophylls
                                                                                                                                              1. Accessory Pigments
                                                                                                                                              2. Phycobilins
                                                                                                                                                1. Phycocyanin
                                                                                                                                                  1. Phycoerythrin
                                                                                                                                                2. The Light-Dependent Reactions
                                                                                                                                                  1. Photosystems I and II
                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                      1. Reaction Centers
                                                                                                                                                      2. Electron Transport Chain
                                                                                                                                                        1. Electron Flow
                                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Conversion
                                                                                                                                                          2. Photophosphorylation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Cyclic Photophosphorylation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation
                                                                                                                                                            2. The Light-Independent Reactions
                                                                                                                                                              1. Calvin Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                1. Carbon Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Reduction Phase
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Regeneration Phase
                                                                                                                                                                    2. RuBisCO Enzyme
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carbon Dioxide Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                      2. C3, C4, and CAM Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                        1. C3 Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Calvin Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Photorespiration
                                                                                                                                                                            2. C4 Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spatial Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Kranz Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                2. CAM Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temporal Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ecological Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Efficiency Comparisons
                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Cellular Respiration in Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glycolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Location and Process
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. ATP Production
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pyruvate Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. The Krebs Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Location and Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. NADH and FADH2 Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. CO2 Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. The Electron Transport Chain
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Location and Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. ATP Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen Consumption
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Anaerobic Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Alcoholic Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Yeast and Plant Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ethanol Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lactate Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxygen Debt

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                                                                                                                                                                                                            4. Plant Anatomy: The Organs

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                                                                                                                                                                                                            6. Plant Growth and Development