Botany (Plant Biology)

  1. Plant Reproduction
    1. Asexual Reproduction
      1. Natural Vegetative Propagation
        1. Runners
          1. Stolon Formation
            1. New Plant Development
            2. Rhizomes
              1. Underground Stems
                1. Bud Formation
                2. Tubers
                  1. Storage Organs
                    1. Eye Development
                    2. Bulbs
                      1. Scale Leaves
                        1. Offset Formation
                        2. Corms
                          1. Solid Stems
                            1. Cormlet Production
                          2. Artificial Vegetative Propagation
                            1. Cuttings
                              1. Stem Cuttings
                                1. Root Cuttings
                                  1. Leaf Cuttings
                                  2. Grafting
                                    1. Scion and Rootstock
                                      1. Compatibility
                                      2. Layering
                                        1. Air Layering
                                          1. Ground Layering
                                          2. Tissue Culture
                                            1. Micropropagation
                                              1. Callus Formation
                                          3. Sexual Reproduction
                                            1. Alternation of Generations
                                              1. Sporophyte Generation
                                                1. Diploid Phase
                                                  1. Spore Production
                                                  2. Gametophyte Generation
                                                    1. Haploid Phase
                                                      1. Gamete Production
                                                    2. The Flower: Structure and Function
                                                      1. Sepals
                                                        1. Protective Function
                                                          1. Calyx Formation
                                                          2. Petals
                                                            1. Attractive Function
                                                              1. Corolla Formation
                                                              2. Stamens
                                                                1. Anther and Filament
                                                                  1. Pollen Production
                                                                  2. Carpels
                                                                    1. Stigma, Style, and Ovary
                                                                      1. Ovule Development
                                                                    2. Pollination
                                                                      1. Self-Pollination
                                                                        1. Autogamy
                                                                          1. Geitonogamy
                                                                          2. Cross-Pollination
                                                                            1. Xenogamy
                                                                              1. Genetic Diversity
                                                                              2. Mechanisms of Pollination
                                                                                1. Wind Pollination
                                                                                  1. Anemophily
                                                                                    1. Pollen Adaptations
                                                                                    2. Water Pollination
                                                                                      1. Hydrophily
                                                                                        1. Aquatic Adaptations
                                                                                        2. Animal Pollination
                                                                                          1. Insect Pollination
                                                                                            1. Entomophily
                                                                                              1. Flower Adaptations
                                                                                              2. Bird Pollination
                                                                                                1. Ornithophily
                                                                                                  1. Nectar Production
                                                                                                  2. Bat Pollination
                                                                                                    1. Chiropterophily
                                                                                                      1. Night Blooming
                                                                                                2. Fertilization in Angiosperms
                                                                                                  1. Pollen Tube Growth
                                                                                                    1. Germination Process
                                                                                                      1. Style Penetration
                                                                                                      2. Double Fertilization
                                                                                                        1. Sperm Cell Function
                                                                                                          1. Embryo and Endosperm Formation
                                                                                                        2. Development of the Seed and Fruit
                                                                                                          1. Seed Structure
                                                                                                            1. Seed Coat
                                                                                                              1. Testa Formation
                                                                                                                1. Protection Function
                                                                                                                2. Embryo
                                                                                                                  1. Radicle and Plumule
                                                                                                                    1. Cotyledons
                                                                                                                    2. Endosperm
                                                                                                                      1. Nutritive Tissue
                                                                                                                        1. Storage Function
                                                                                                                      2. Fruit Types
                                                                                                                        1. Simple Fruits
                                                                                                                          1. Fleshy Fruits
                                                                                                                            1. Dry Fruits
                                                                                                                            2. Aggregate Fruits
                                                                                                                              1. Multiple Carpels
                                                                                                                                1. Single Flower
                                                                                                                                2. Multiple Fruits
                                                                                                                                  1. Multiple Flowers
                                                                                                                                    1. Inflorescence Development
                                                                                                                                  2. Fruit Dispersal Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                    1. Wind Dispersal
                                                                                                                                      1. Anemochory
                                                                                                                                        1. Wing and Plume Adaptations
                                                                                                                                        2. Water Dispersal
                                                                                                                                          1. Hydrochory
                                                                                                                                            1. Floating Adaptations
                                                                                                                                            2. Animal Dispersal
                                                                                                                                              1. Zoochory
                                                                                                                                                1. Seed Attachment
                                                                                                                                                2. Mechanical Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                  1. Explosive Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                    1. Ballistic Dispersal

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                                                                                                                                            6. Plant Growth and Development

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                                                                                                                                            8. Plant Diversity and Systematics