Botany (Plant Biology)

  1. Plant Ecology
    1. The Plant and its Environment
      1. Light
        1. Light Intensity and Quality
          1. Photosynthetic Photon Flux
            1. Spectral Quality
            2. Photoperiod
              1. Day Length Effects
                1. Seasonal Changes
              2. Temperature
                1. Effects on Growth and Development
                  1. Optimal Temperature Ranges
                    1. Heat and Cold Stress
                  2. Water
                    1. Availability and Adaptations
                      1. Precipitation Patterns
                        1. Drought Adaptations
                      2. Soil and Nutrients
                        1. Soil Composition
                          1. Mineral Components
                            1. Organic Matter
                            2. Soil pH
                              1. Acidity and Alkalinity
                                1. Nutrient Availability
                                2. Nutrient Availability
                                  1. Limiting Factors
                                    1. Fertilization Effects
                                3. Plant Populations
                                  1. Population Density
                                    1. Individuals per Unit Area
                                      1. Density-dependent Effects
                                      2. Population Distribution Patterns
                                        1. Random Distribution
                                          1. Uniform Distribution
                                            1. Clumped Distribution
                                            2. Population Growth Models
                                              1. Exponential Growth
                                                1. Unlimited Resources
                                                  1. J-shaped Curve
                                                  2. Logistic Growth
                                                    1. Carrying Capacity
                                                      1. S-shaped Curve
                                                  3. Plant Communities
                                                    1. Community Structure
                                                      1. Species Richness
                                                        1. Number of Species
                                                          1. Biodiversity Measures
                                                          2. Species Evenness
                                                            1. Relative Abundance
                                                              1. Dominance Patterns
                                                            2. Community Composition
                                                              1. Dominant Species
                                                                1. Abundance and Biomass
                                                                  1. Community Control
                                                                  2. Keystone Species
                                                                    1. Disproportionate Effects
                                                                      1. Ecosystem Function
                                                                    2. Interspecific Interactions
                                                                      1. Competition
                                                                        1. Resource Competition
                                                                          1. Interference Competition
                                                                          2. Herbivory
                                                                            1. Plant-Herbivore Interactions
                                                                              1. Defense Mechanisms
                                                                              2. Symbiosis
                                                                                1. Mutualism
                                                                                  1. Mycorrhizal Associations
                                                                                    1. Pollination Mutualisms
                                                                                    2. Commensalism
                                                                                      1. One-sided Benefits
                                                                                        1. Neutral Effects
                                                                                        2. Parasitism
                                                                                          1. Parasitic Plants
                                                                                            1. Host Exploitation
                                                                                        3. Ecological Succession
                                                                                          1. Primary Succession
                                                                                            1. Bare Substrate Colonization
                                                                                              1. Pioneer Species
                                                                                              2. Secondary Succession
                                                                                                1. Disturbance Recovery
                                                                                                  1. Existing Soil
                                                                                              3. Ecosystems and Biomes
                                                                                                1. Energy Flow
                                                                                                  1. Food Chains and Food Webs
                                                                                                    1. Trophic Levels
                                                                                                      1. Energy Transfer
                                                                                                      2. Primary Productivity
                                                                                                        1. Gross Primary Productivity
                                                                                                          1. Net Primary Productivity
                                                                                                        2. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                          1. Carbon Cycle
                                                                                                            1. Photosynthesis and Respiration
                                                                                                              1. Carbon Storage
                                                                                                              2. Nitrogen Cycle
                                                                                                                1. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                                  1. Nitrification and Denitrification
                                                                                                                  2. Phosphorus Cycle
                                                                                                                    1. Phosphorus Availability
                                                                                                                      1. Limiting Nutrient
                                                                                                                    2. Major Terrestrial Biomes
                                                                                                                      1. Tropical Rainforest
                                                                                                                        1. High Diversity
                                                                                                                          1. Layered Structure
                                                                                                                          2. Temperate Forest
                                                                                                                            1. Deciduous and Coniferous
                                                                                                                              1. Seasonal Changes
                                                                                                                              2. Grassland
                                                                                                                                1. Prairie and Savanna
                                                                                                                                  1. Fire Adaptations
                                                                                                                                  2. Desert
                                                                                                                                    1. Water Scarcity
                                                                                                                                      1. Xerophytic Adaptations
                                                                                                                                      2. Tundra
                                                                                                                                        1. Cold Climate
                                                                                                                                          1. Permafrost
                                                                                                                                          2. Boreal Forest
                                                                                                                                            1. Coniferous Dominance
                                                                                                                                              1. Cold Adaptations
                                                                                                                                              2. Mediterranean
                                                                                                                                                1. Dry Summers
                                                                                                                                                  1. Fire-adapted Vegetation

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                                                                                                                                            9. Plant Genetics

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                                                                                                                                            11. Applied Botany