Botany (Plant Biology)

  1. Plant Growth and Development
    1. Seed Germination and Dormancy
      1. Seed Structure and Composition
        1. Seed Coat
          1. Embryo
            1. Endosperm
              1. Cotyledons
              2. Requirements for Germination
                1. Water
                  1. Imbibition Process
                    1. Hydration Effects
                    2. Oxygen
                      1. Respiratory Needs
                        1. Aerobic Conditions
                        2. Temperature
                          1. Optimal Ranges
                            1. Thermal Requirements
                            2. Light
                              1. Photoblastic Seeds
                                1. Light Quality Effects
                              2. Types of Germination
                                1. Epigeal Germination
                                  1. Cotyledon Emergence
                                    1. Above-ground Development
                                    2. Hypogeal Germination
                                      1. Cotyledon Retention
                                        1. Below-ground Development
                                      2. Seed Dormancy
                                        1. Causes of Dormancy
                                          1. Physical Dormancy
                                            1. Physiological Dormancy
                                              1. Morphological Dormancy
                                              2. Breaking Dormancy
                                                1. Scarification
                                                  1. Stratification
                                                    1. Chemical Treatment
                                                2. Plant Hormones
                                                  1. Auxins
                                                    1. Functions and Effects
                                                      1. Cell Elongation
                                                        1. Tropisms
                                                          1. Root Formation
                                                          2. Role in Apical Dominance
                                                            1. Terminal Bud Control
                                                              1. Lateral Bud Suppression
                                                            2. Gibberellins
                                                              1. Functions and Effects
                                                                1. Stem Elongation
                                                                  1. Leaf Expansion
                                                                    1. Flowering Induction
                                                                    2. Role in Stem Elongation and Germination
                                                                      1. Internode Extension
                                                                        1. Seed Germination
                                                                      2. Cytokinins
                                                                        1. Functions and Effects
                                                                          1. Cell Division Promotion
                                                                            1. Shoot Formation
                                                                              1. Senescence Delay
                                                                              2. Role in Cell Division
                                                                                1. Meristematic Activity
                                                                                  1. Organ Development
                                                                                2. Abscisic Acid
                                                                                  1. Functions and Effects
                                                                                    1. Stomatal Closure
                                                                                      1. Dormancy Induction
                                                                                        1. Stress Tolerance
                                                                                        2. Role in Stress Responses
                                                                                          1. Drought Stress
                                                                                            1. Salt Stress
                                                                                          2. Ethylene
                                                                                            1. Functions and Effects
                                                                                              1. Fruit Ripening
                                                                                                1. Senescence
                                                                                                  1. Abscission
                                                                                                  2. Role in Fruit Ripening and Senescence
                                                                                                    1. Climacteric Fruits
                                                                                                      1. Aging Processes
                                                                                                    2. Other Plant Hormones
                                                                                                      1. Brassinosteroids
                                                                                                        1. Growth Promotion
                                                                                                          1. Stress Tolerance
                                                                                                          2. Jasmonates
                                                                                                            1. Defense Responses
                                                                                                              1. Wound Healing
                                                                                                              2. Salicylic Acid
                                                                                                                1. Disease Resistance
                                                                                                                  1. Systemic Acquired Resistance
                                                                                                              3. Plant Movements and Responses
                                                                                                                1. Phototropism
                                                                                                                  1. Mechanism and Significance
                                                                                                                    1. Light Direction Response
                                                                                                                      1. Auxin Distribution
                                                                                                                    2. Gravitropism
                                                                                                                      1. Mechanism and Significance
                                                                                                                        1. Gravity Response
                                                                                                                          1. Statoliths Function
                                                                                                                        2. Thigmotropism
                                                                                                                          1. Mechanism and Significance
                                                                                                                            1. Touch Response
                                                                                                                              1. Climbing Adaptations
                                                                                                                          2. Nastic Movements
                                                                                                                            1. Types of Nastic Movements
                                                                                                                              1. Nyctinasty
                                                                                                                                1. Sleep Movements
                                                                                                                                  1. Circadian Rhythms
                                                                                                                                  2. Thigmonasty
                                                                                                                                    1. Touch-induced Movements
                                                                                                                                      1. Rapid Responses
                                                                                                                                    2. Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                      1. Turgor Pressure Changes
                                                                                                                                        1. Pulvinus Function
                                                                                                                                      2. Photoperiodism and Flowering
                                                                                                                                        1. Short-Day Plants
                                                                                                                                          1. Long-Day Plants
                                                                                                                                            1. Day-Neutral Plants
                                                                                                                                              1. Phytochrome System
                                                                                                                                                1. Red and Far-red Light
                                                                                                                                                  1. Photoconversion
                                                                                                                                                  2. Vernalization
                                                                                                                                                    1. Cold Treatment
                                                                                                                                                      1. Flowering Induction

                                                                                                                                                  Previous

                                                                                                                                                  5. Plant Physiology: Function and Processes

                                                                                                                                                  Go to top

                                                                                                                                                  Next

                                                                                                                                                  7. Plant Reproduction