Neurobiology

  1. Motor Systems
    1. Motor Control Hierarchy
      1. Spinal Level
        1. Motor Neurons
          1. Spinal Circuits
          2. Brainstem Level
            1. Postural Control
              1. Locomotion
              2. Cortical Level
                1. Voluntary Movement
                  1. Motor Planning
                2. Spinal Motor Control
                  1. Motor Units
                    1. Alpha Motor Neurons
                      1. Muscle Fiber Types
                        1. Slow-Twitch Fibers
                          1. Fast-Twitch Fibers
                          2. Motor Unit Recruitment
                          3. Spinal Reflexes
                            1. Stretch Reflex
                              1. Monosynaptic Pathway
                                1. Muscle Spindle Function
                                2. Golgi Tendon Reflex
                                  1. Protective Function
                                    1. Force Regulation
                                    2. Flexor Withdrawal Reflex
                                      1. Polysynaptic Pathway
                                        1. Crossed Extension
                                        2. Reciprocal Inhibition
                                          1. Antagonist Muscle Control
                                        3. Central Pattern Generators
                                          1. Locomotor Networks
                                            1. Rhythmic Pattern Generation
                                              1. Modulation by Descending Input
                                            2. Descending Motor Pathways
                                              1. Corticospinal Tract
                                                1. Lateral Corticospinal Tract
                                                  1. Ventral Corticospinal Tract
                                                    1. Fine Motor Control
                                                    2. Brainstem Pathways
                                                      1. Vestibulospinal Tract
                                                        1. Postural Control
                                                        2. Reticulospinal Tract
                                                          1. Automatic Movements
                                                          2. Rubrospinal Tract
                                                            1. Limb Flexion
                                                            2. Tectospinal Tract
                                                              1. Head and Eye Movements
                                                          3. Motor Cortex
                                                            1. Primary Motor Cortex
                                                              1. Somatotopic Organization
                                                                1. Pyramidal Tract Neurons
                                                                  1. Movement Parameters
                                                                  2. Premotor Areas
                                                                    1. Premotor Cortex
                                                                      1. Movement Preparation
                                                                        1. Sensory Guidance
                                                                        2. Supplementary Motor Area
                                                                          1. Movement Sequences
                                                                            1. Internally Generated Movements
                                                                          2. Posterior Parietal Cortex
                                                                            1. Sensorimotor Integration
                                                                              1. Spatial Representation
                                                                            2. Cerebellum
                                                                              1. Cerebellar Anatomy
                                                                                1. Cerebellar Cortex
                                                                                  1. Purkinje Cells
                                                                                    1. Granule Cells
                                                                                      1. Molecular Layer
                                                                                      2. Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
                                                                                        1. Cerebellar Peduncles
                                                                                        2. Functional Divisions
                                                                                          1. Vestibulocerebellum
                                                                                            1. Balance and Eye Movements
                                                                                            2. Spinocerebellum
                                                                                              1. Limb Movement Control
                                                                                              2. Cerebrocerebellum
                                                                                                1. Motor Planning and Learning
                                                                                              3. Cerebellar Circuits
                                                                                                1. Climbing Fiber Input
                                                                                                  1. Mossy Fiber Input
                                                                                                    1. Purkinje Cell Output
                                                                                                    2. Motor Learning
                                                                                                      1. Error Correction
                                                                                                        1. Adaptation Mechanisms
                                                                                                          1. Long-Term Depression
                                                                                                        2. Basal Ganglia
                                                                                                          1. Basal Ganglia Components
                                                                                                            1. Striatum
                                                                                                              1. Caudate Nucleus
                                                                                                                1. Putamen
                                                                                                                  1. Nucleus Accumbens
                                                                                                                  2. Globus Pallidus
                                                                                                                    1. External Segment
                                                                                                                      1. Internal Segment
                                                                                                                      2. Subthalamic Nucleus
                                                                                                                        1. Substantia Nigra
                                                                                                                          1. Pars Compacta
                                                                                                                            1. Pars Reticulata
                                                                                                                          2. Basal Ganglia Circuits
                                                                                                                            1. Direct Pathway
                                                                                                                              1. Movement Facilitation
                                                                                                                              2. Indirect Pathway
                                                                                                                                1. Movement Inhibition
                                                                                                                                2. Hyperdirect Pathway
                                                                                                                                  1. Rapid Inhibition
                                                                                                                                3. Dopaminergic Modulation
                                                                                                                                  1. Reward Prediction
                                                                                                                                    1. Movement Initiation
                                                                                                                                      1. Learning and Plasticity
                                                                                                                                      2. Motor Functions
                                                                                                                                        1. Action Selection
                                                                                                                                          1. Movement Vigor
                                                                                                                                            1. Habit Formation

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                                                                                                                                        8. Regulatory and Integrative Systems