Neurobiology

  1. Synaptic Transmission
    1. Synapse Structure and Types
      1. Chemical Synapses
        1. Presynaptic Terminal
          1. Synaptic Vesicles
            1. Active Zones
              1. Calcium Channels
                1. Release Machinery
                2. Synaptic Cleft
                  1. Extracellular Matrix
                    1. Adhesion Molecules
                    2. Postsynaptic Density
                      1. Receptor Clustering
                        1. Scaffolding Proteins
                          1. Signaling Complexes
                        2. Electrical Synapses
                          1. Gap Junction Structure
                            1. Connexin Proteins
                              1. Hemichannels
                              2. Functional Properties
                                1. Bidirectional Transmission
                                  1. Electrical Coupling
                                    1. Metabolic Coupling
                                2. Neurotransmitter Systems
                                  1. Neurotransmitter Criteria
                                    1. Synthesis Requirements
                                      1. Storage and Release
                                        1. Receptor Binding
                                          1. Inactivation Mechanisms
                                          2. Small Molecule Neurotransmitters
                                            1. Acetylcholine
                                              1. Synthesis and Degradation
                                                1. Nicotinic Receptors
                                                  1. Muscarinic Receptors
                                                    1. Functional Roles
                                                    2. Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
                                                      1. Glutamate
                                                        1. Synthesis and Metabolism
                                                          1. AMPA Receptors
                                                            1. NMDA Receptors
                                                              1. Kainate Receptors
                                                                1. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
                                                                2. GABA
                                                                  1. Synthesis and Metabolism
                                                                    1. GABA-A Receptors
                                                                      1. GABA-B Receptors
                                                                        1. Functional Roles
                                                                        2. Glycine
                                                                          1. Synthesis and Function
                                                                            1. Glycine Receptors
                                                                              1. Inhibitory Role
                                                                            2. Biogenic Amines
                                                                              1. Dopamine
                                                                                1. Synthesis Pathway
                                                                                  1. D1-like Receptors
                                                                                    1. D2-like Receptors
                                                                                      1. Functional Systems
                                                                                      2. Norepinephrine
                                                                                        1. Synthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                          1. Alpha Receptors
                                                                                            1. Beta Receptors
                                                                                              1. Sympathetic Function
                                                                                              2. Serotonin
                                                                                                1. Synthesis Pathway
                                                                                                  1. Receptor Subtypes
                                                                                                    1. Functional Roles
                                                                                                    2. Histamine
                                                                                                      1. Synthesis and Function
                                                                                                        1. Receptor Types
                                                                                                      2. Purines
                                                                                                        1. ATP
                                                                                                          1. Adenosine
                                                                                                            1. P2X Receptors
                                                                                                              1. P2Y Receptors
                                                                                                            2. Neuropeptides
                                                                                                              1. Synthesis and Processing
                                                                                                                1. Vesicular Storage
                                                                                                                  1. Co-release with Classical Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                    1. Opioid Peptides
                                                                                                                      1. Endorphins
                                                                                                                        1. Enkephalins
                                                                                                                          1. Dynorphins
                                                                                                                          2. Tachykinins
                                                                                                                            1. Substance P
                                                                                                                              1. Neurokinin A
                                                                                                                              2. Hypothalamic Peptides
                                                                                                                                1. Oxytocin
                                                                                                                                  1. Vasopressin
                                                                                                                                2. Unconventional Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                  1. Endocannabinoids
                                                                                                                                    1. Anandamide
                                                                                                                                      1. 2-AG
                                                                                                                                        1. Retrograde Signaling
                                                                                                                                        2. Gaseous Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                          1. Nitric Oxide
                                                                                                                                            1. Carbon Monoxide
                                                                                                                                              1. Hydrogen Sulfide
                                                                                                                                          2. Synaptic Transmission Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                            1. Neurotransmitter Release
                                                                                                                                              1. Calcium-Dependent Exocytosis
                                                                                                                                                1. SNARE Protein Complex
                                                                                                                                                  1. Synaptic Vesicle Cycle
                                                                                                                                                    1. Vesicle Docking
                                                                                                                                                      1. Priming
                                                                                                                                                        1. Fusion
                                                                                                                                                          1. Endocytosis
                                                                                                                                                            1. Recycling
                                                                                                                                                            2. Quantal Release
                                                                                                                                                              1. Miniature Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                1. Quantal Content
                                                                                                                                                              2. Postsynaptic Responses
                                                                                                                                                                1. Ionotropic Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fast Synaptic Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Excitatory Responses
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Inhibitory Responses
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Metabotropic Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                        1. G-Protein Coupling
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Second Messenger Systems
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Slow Synaptic Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Modulatory Effects
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Synaptic Integration
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temporal Summation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spatial Summation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Shunting Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Neurotransmitter Inactivation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reuptake Transporters
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sodium-Dependent Transporters
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vesicular Transporters
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Enzymatic Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Acetylcholinesterase
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Monoamine Oxidase
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Diffusion and Dilution
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Synaptic Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Short-Term Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Facilitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Post-Tetanic Potentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Long-Term Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Long-Term Potentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Induction Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Expression Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Maintenance Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Long-Term Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Induction Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Expression Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Timing Rules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Molecular Mechanisms

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Action Potentials and Electrical Signaling

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  5. Nervous System Development