Neurobiology

  1. Sensory Systems
    1. General Principles
      1. Sensory Transduction
        1. Stimulus Detection
          1. Signal Conversion
            1. Amplification Mechanisms
            2. Receptor Types
              1. Mechanoreceptors
                1. Chemoreceptors
                  1. Photoreceptors
                    1. Thermoreceptors
                      1. Nociceptors
                      2. Coding Principles
                        1. Intensity Coding
                          1. Temporal Coding
                            1. Population Coding
                              1. Labeled Line Coding
                              2. Adaptation
                                1. Rapid Adaptation
                                  1. Slow Adaptation
                                    1. Functional Significance
                                  2. Somatosensory System
                                    1. Peripheral Receptors
                                      1. Mechanoreceptors
                                        1. Meissner Corpuscles
                                          1. Pacinian Corpuscles
                                            1. Merkel Disks
                                              1. Ruffini Endings
                                              2. Thermoreceptors
                                                1. Cold Receptors
                                                  1. Warm Receptors
                                                    1. TRP Channels
                                                    2. Nociceptors
                                                      1. Mechanical Nociceptors
                                                        1. Thermal Nociceptors
                                                          1. Chemical Nociceptors
                                                            1. Polymodal Nociceptors
                                                            2. Proprioceptors
                                                              1. Muscle Spindles
                                                                1. Golgi Tendon Organs
                                                                  1. Joint Receptors
                                                                2. Spinal Processing
                                                                  1. Dorsal Horn Organization
                                                                    1. Ascending Pathways
                                                                      1. Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway
                                                                        1. Spinothalamic Tract
                                                                          1. Spinocerebellar Tracts
                                                                        2. Thalamic Processing
                                                                          1. Ventral Posterior Nucleus
                                                                            1. Thalamic Relay Functions
                                                                            2. Cortical Processing
                                                                              1. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
                                                                                1. Somatotopic Organization
                                                                                  1. Columnar Organization
                                                                                  2. Secondary Somatosensory Areas
                                                                                    1. Posterior Parietal Cortex
                                                                                  3. Visual System
                                                                                    1. Eye Structure and Function
                                                                                      1. Cornea and Aqueous Humor
                                                                                        1. Lens and Accommodation
                                                                                          1. Vitreous Humor
                                                                                            1. Retinal Structure
                                                                                            2. Photoreceptors
                                                                                              1. Rod Photoreceptors
                                                                                                1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                  1. Rhodopsin
                                                                                                    1. Scotopic Vision
                                                                                                    2. Cone Photoreceptors
                                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                        1. Color Vision
                                                                                                          1. Photopic Vision
                                                                                                        2. Phototransduction
                                                                                                          1. Visual Pigment Structure
                                                                                                            1. Transduction Cascade
                                                                                                              1. Light Adaptation
                                                                                                                1. Dark Adaptation
                                                                                                                2. Retinal Processing
                                                                                                                  1. Horizontal Cells
                                                                                                                    1. Lateral Inhibition
                                                                                                                      1. Color Opponency
                                                                                                                      2. Bipolar Cells
                                                                                                                        1. ON and OFF Pathways
                                                                                                                          1. Center-Surround Organization
                                                                                                                          2. Amacrine Cells
                                                                                                                            1. Temporal Processing
                                                                                                                              1. Direction Selectivity
                                                                                                                              2. Ganglion Cells
                                                                                                                                1. Cell Types
                                                                                                                                  1. Receptive Field Properties
                                                                                                                                    1. Feature Detection
                                                                                                                                  2. Central Visual Pathways
                                                                                                                                    1. Optic Nerve and Chiasm
                                                                                                                                      1. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
                                                                                                                                        1. Magnocellular Pathway
                                                                                                                                          1. Parvocellular Pathway
                                                                                                                                            1. Koniocellular Pathway
                                                                                                                                            2. Primary Visual Cortex
                                                                                                                                              1. Orientation Selectivity
                                                                                                                                                1. Ocular Dominance
                                                                                                                                                  1. Cortical Columns
                                                                                                                                                  2. Extrastriate Areas
                                                                                                                                                    1. Dorsal Stream Processing
                                                                                                                                                      1. Ventral Stream Processing
                                                                                                                                                        1. Specialized Visual Areas
                                                                                                                                                    2. Auditory System
                                                                                                                                                      1. Sound Properties
                                                                                                                                                        1. Frequency and Pitch
                                                                                                                                                          1. Amplitude and Loudness
                                                                                                                                                            1. Phase and Timing
                                                                                                                                                            2. Outer and Middle Ear
                                                                                                                                                              1. Sound Conduction
                                                                                                                                                                1. Impedance Matching
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Middle Ear Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Inner Ear Structure
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cochlear Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Basilar Membrane Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Organ of Corti
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hair Cell Transduction
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stereocilia Structure
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanotransduction Channels
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hair Cell Types
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Inner Hair Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Outer Hair Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cochlear Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Frequency Tuning
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Active Amplification
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Efferent Control
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Central Auditory Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cochlear Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cell Types and Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Superior Olivary Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Binaural Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sound Localization
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Inferior Colliculus
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Integration and Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Medial Geniculate Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Thalamic Relay
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Auditory Cortex
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tonotopic Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Feature Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Vestibular System
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vestibular Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Semicircular Canals
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Angular Acceleration Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cupula and Endolymph
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Otolith Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Linear Acceleration Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Otoconia and Otolithic Membrane
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hair Cell Transduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vestibular Hair Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Directional Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Central Vestibular Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vestibular Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vestibulo-Spinal Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cortical Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Chemical Senses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Olfactory System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Olfactory Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Olfactory Receptor Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Receptor Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Signal Transduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Olfactory Bulb
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Glomerular Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mitral and Tufted Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lateral Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Central Olfactory Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Piriform Cortex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Limbic Connections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Gustatory System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Taste Buds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Taste Cell Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Taste Transduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Basic Taste Qualities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sweet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Salty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bitter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Umami
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Central Gustatory Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Brainstem Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thalamic Relay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gustatory Cortex

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        7. Motor Systems