Muscle Physiology

  1. Cardiac Muscle Physiology
    1. Structural Features
      1. Cell Morphology
        1. Branched Structure
          1. Single Nucleus
            1. Cell Dimensions
            2. Intercalated Discs
              1. Desmosomes
                1. Gap Junctions
                  1. Adherens Junctions
                  2. Contractile Apparatus
                    1. Sarcomere Organization
                      1. Myofibril Arrangement
                      2. Membrane Systems
                        1. T-tubule System
                          1. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
                        2. Electrical Properties
                          1. Autorhythmicity
                            1. Pacemaker Cells
                              1. Spontaneous Depolarization
                              2. Action Potential Characteristics
                                1. Plateau Phase
                                  1. Long Duration
                                    1. Refractory Period
                                    2. Conduction System
                                      1. Sinoatrial Node
                                        1. Atrioventricular Node
                                          1. Bundle of His
                                            1. Purkinje Fibers
                                          2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
                                            1. Calcium-induced Calcium Release
                                              1. L-type Calcium Channels
                                                1. Ryanodine Receptors
                                                  1. Calcium Cycling
                                                  2. Regulation of Contraction
                                                    1. Autonomic Control
                                                      1. Sympathetic Stimulation
                                                        1. Parasympathetic Stimulation
                                                        2. Hormonal Influences
                                                          1. Epinephrine
                                                            1. Thyroid Hormones
                                                            2. Local Factors
                                                              1. Preload Effects
                                                                1. Afterload Effects
                                                              2. Functional Integration
                                                                1. Cardiac Output Regulation
                                                                  1. Frank-Starling Mechanism
                                                                    1. Heart Rate Control
                                                                      1. Contractility Modulation

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                                                                    13. Smooth Muscle Physiology

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                                                                    1. Introduction to Muscle Tissue