Muscle Physiology

  1. Smooth Muscle Physiology
    1. Structural Organization
      1. Cell Morphology
        1. Spindle Shape
          1. Single Nucleus
            1. Cell Size Variations
            2. Contractile Apparatus
              1. Actin and Myosin Organization
                1. Dense Bodies
                  1. Intermediate Filaments
                  2. Membrane Systems
                    1. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
                      1. Caveolae
                        1. Gap Junctions
                      2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
                        1. Calcium Sources
                          1. Extracellular Calcium
                            1. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
                            2. Calcium-Calmodulin System
                              1. Calmodulin Binding
                                1. Conformational Changes
                                2. Myosin Light Chain Kinase
                                  1. Activation Mechanism
                                    1. Phosphorylation Process
                                    2. Cross-bridge Cycling
                                      1. Phosphorylation-dependent
                                        1. Latch State Mechanism
                                      2. Types of Smooth Muscle
                                        1. Single-unit Smooth Muscle
                                          1. Electrical Coupling
                                            1. Synchronized Contraction
                                              1. Pacemaker Activity
                                              2. Multi-unit Smooth Muscle
                                                1. Independent Control
                                                  1. Neural Innervation
                                                    1. Precise Control
                                                  2. Regulation of Contraction
                                                    1. Autonomic Nervous System
                                                      1. Sympathetic Effects
                                                        1. Parasympathetic Effects
                                                          1. Neurotransmitters
                                                          2. Hormonal Control
                                                            1. Circulating Hormones
                                                              1. Local Hormones
                                                              2. Local Factors
                                                                1. Mechanical Stretch
                                                                  1. Chemical Environment
                                                                    1. Paracrine Signals
                                                                  2. Functional Properties
                                                                    1. Slow Contraction Speed
                                                                      1. Sustained Contractions
                                                                        1. Low Energy Requirements
                                                                          1. Plasticity and Adaptation

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                                                                        14. Cardiac Muscle Physiology