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Biology
Zoology
Invertebrate Zoology
1. Introduction to Invertebrate Zoology
2. Fundamental Concepts in Animal Architecture
3. Protozoa
4. Phylum Porifera
5. Phylum Cnidaria
6. Phylum Ctenophora
7. Phylum Platyhelminthes
8. Phylum Nematoda
9. Phylum Rotifera
10. Phylum Mollusca
11. Phylum Annelida
12. Phylum Arthropoda
13. Phylum Echinodermata
14. Phylum Hemichordata
15. Phylum Chordata
16. Comparative Physiology
17. Invertebrate Ecology and Evolution
18. Applied Invertebrate Biology
Phylum Ctenophora
General Characteristics
Biradial Symmetry
Diploblastic Structure
Transparent Body
Marine Distribution
Distinctions from Cnidaria
Absence of Cnidocytes
Colloblasts
Muscle Development
Locomotion
Ctenes Structure and Function
Swimming Mechanisms
Bioluminescence
Feeding Mechanisms
Colloblasts
Prey Capture
Tentacle Systems
Nervous and Sensory Systems
Nerve Net Organization
Statocyst Function
Sensory Capabilities
Reproduction and Development
Hermaphroditism
Larval Development
Regeneration Abilities
Classification and Diversity
Major Orders
Morphological Variations
Phylogenetic Position
Relationship to Other Phyla
Evolutionary Significance
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5. Phylum Cnidaria
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7. Phylum Platyhelminthes