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Biology
Zoology
Invertebrate Zoology
1. Introduction to Invertebrate Zoology
2. Fundamental Concepts in Animal Architecture
3. Protozoa
4. Phylum Porifera
5. Phylum Cnidaria
6. Phylum Ctenophora
7. Phylum Platyhelminthes
8. Phylum Nematoda
9. Phylum Rotifera
10. Phylum Mollusca
11. Phylum Annelida
12. Phylum Arthropoda
13. Phylum Echinodermata
14. Phylum Hemichordata
15. Phylum Chordata
16. Comparative Physiology
17. Invertebrate Ecology and Evolution
18. Applied Invertebrate Biology
13.
Phylum Echinodermata
13.1.
General Characteristics
13.1.1.
Pentaradial Symmetry
13.1.2.
Endoskeleton
13.1.3.
Water Vascular System
13.1.4.
Deuterostome Development
13.2.
Symmetry Evolution
13.2.1.
Bilateral Larval Stage
13.2.2.
Secondary Radial Symmetry
13.2.3.
Adaptive Significance
13.3.
Endoskeleton
13.3.1.
Ossicle Structure
13.3.2.
Calcium Carbonate Composition
13.3.3.
Growth and Development
13.4.
Water Vascular System
13.4.1.
Structure and Function
13.4.2.
Tube Feet Operation
13.4.3.
Hydraulic Mechanisms
13.4.4.
Locomotion and Feeding
13.5.
Organ Systems
13.5.1.
Digestive System
13.5.2.
Respiratory System
13.5.3.
Circulatory System
13.5.4.
Nervous System
13.5.5.
Reproductive System
13.6.
Regeneration
13.6.1.
Autotomy
13.6.2.
Regrowth Mechanisms
13.6.3.
Ecological Advantages
13.7.
Classification
13.7.1.
Class Asteroidea
13.7.1.1.
Sea Stars
13.7.1.2.
Feeding Mechanisms
13.7.1.3.
Reproduction
13.7.2.
Class Ophiuroidea
13.7.2.1.
Brittle Stars
13.7.2.2.
Locomotion
13.7.2.3.
Habitat Diversity
13.7.3.
Class Echinoidea
13.7.3.1.
Sea Urchins
13.7.3.2.
Test Structure
13.7.3.3.
Spine Function
13.7.3.4.
Sand Dollars
13.7.4.
Class Holothuroidea
13.7.4.1.
Sea Cucumbers
13.7.4.2.
Body Wall Structure
13.7.4.3.
Feeding Strategies
13.7.5.
Class Crinoidea
13.7.5.1.
Sea Lilies
13.7.5.2.
Feather Stars
13.7.5.3.
Filter Feeding
13.8.
Development and Larvae
13.8.1.
Larval Types
13.8.2.
Metamorphosis
13.8.3.
Life Cycles
13.9.
Ecology
13.9.1.
Marine Distribution
13.9.2.
Ecological Roles
13.9.3.
Predator-Prey Relationships
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14. Phylum Hemichordata