Introduction to Linguistics

  1. Language Acquisition
    1. First Language Acquisition
      1. Theoretical Approaches
        1. Behaviorist Theory
          1. Imitation and Reinforcement
            1. Stimulus-Response Learning
              1. Limitations of Behaviorism
              2. Nativist Theory
                1. Universal Grammar
                  1. Language Acquisition Device
                    1. Poverty of Stimulus
                      1. Critical Period Hypothesis
                      2. Social Interactionist Theory
                        1. Social Context
                          1. Caregiver Input
                            1. Joint Attention
                            2. Cognitive Theory
                              1. Cognitive Prerequisites
                                1. Conceptual Development
                                  1. Piaget's Stages
                                  2. Usage-Based Theory
                                    1. Input-Driven Learning
                                      1. Statistical Learning
                                        1. Construction Grammar
                                      2. Stages of L1 Acquisition
                                        1. Pre-Linguistic Stage
                                          1. Crying and Cooing
                                            1. Vocal Play
                                              1. Canonical Babbling
                                                1. Variegated Babbling
                                                2. One-Word Stage
                                                  1. Holophrastic Speech
                                                    1. First Words
                                                      1. Vocabulary Spurt
                                                        1. Overextension and Underextension
                                                        2. Two-Word Stage
                                                          1. Telegraphic Speech
                                                            1. Semantic Relations
                                                              1. Word Order Patterns
                                                              2. Multi-Word Stage
                                                                1. Grammatical Development
                                                                  1. Complex Sentences
                                                                    1. Morphological Development
                                                                  2. Phonological Acquisition
                                                                    1. Perception Development
                                                                      1. Categorical Perception
                                                                        1. Phoneme Discrimination
                                                                          1. Native Language Tuning
                                                                          2. Production Development
                                                                            1. Articulatory Development
                                                                              1. Phonological Processes
                                                                                1. Syllable Structure Development
                                                                              2. Lexical Acquisition
                                                                                1. Word Learning
                                                                                  1. Fast Mapping
                                                                                    1. Mutual Exclusivity
                                                                                      1. Whole Object Bias
                                                                                      2. Vocabulary Growth
                                                                                        1. Receptive vs. Productive Vocabulary
                                                                                          1. Word Learning Strategies
                                                                                          2. Semantic Development
                                                                                            1. Feature Acquisition
                                                                                              1. Prototype Development
                                                                                            2. Morphological Acquisition
                                                                                              1. Inflectional Morphology
                                                                                                1. Regular vs. Irregular Forms
                                                                                                  1. Overgeneralization
                                                                                                    1. U-Shaped Learning
                                                                                                    2. Derivational Morphology
                                                                                                      1. Productivity Patterns
                                                                                                        1. Morphological Awareness
                                                                                                      2. Syntactic Acquisition
                                                                                                        1. Early Grammar
                                                                                                          1. Pivot Grammar
                                                                                                            1. Semantic Relations
                                                                                                            2. Complex Structures
                                                                                                              1. Question Formation
                                                                                                                1. Negation
                                                                                                                  1. Passive Voice
                                                                                                                    1. Relative Clauses
                                                                                                                    2. Parameter Setting
                                                                                                                      1. Head Direction
                                                                                                                        1. Null Subject Parameter
                                                                                                                      2. Pragmatic Development
                                                                                                                        1. Speech Act Development
                                                                                                                          1. Conversational Skills
                                                                                                                            1. Narrative Development
                                                                                                                              1. Metalinguistic Awareness
                                                                                                                            2. Second Language Acquisition
                                                                                                                              1. Key Concepts
                                                                                                                                1. Interlanguage
                                                                                                                                  1. Systematic Nature
                                                                                                                                    1. Dynamic Development
                                                                                                                                      1. Individual Variation
                                                                                                                                      2. Transfer
                                                                                                                                        1. Positive Transfer
                                                                                                                                          1. Negative Transfer
                                                                                                                                            1. Crosslinguistic Influence
                                                                                                                                            2. Fossilization
                                                                                                                                              1. Permanent Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                1. Causes of Fossilization
                                                                                                                                              2. Theoretical Models
                                                                                                                                                1. Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                  1. L1-L2 Differences
                                                                                                                                                    1. Error Prediction
                                                                                                                                                    2. Error Analysis
                                                                                                                                                      1. Error Classification
                                                                                                                                                        1. Developmental Errors
                                                                                                                                                        2. Monitor Model
                                                                                                                                                          1. Acquisition vs. Learning
                                                                                                                                                            1. Natural Order Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                              1. Input Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                                1. Affective Filter
                                                                                                                                                                2. Interaction Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Negotiation of Meaning
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Comprehensible Input
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Output Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Individual Factors
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Age Effects
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Critical Period
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Age of Acquisition
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ultimate Attainment
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Aptitude
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Language Learning Ability
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cognitive Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Motivation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Integrative Motivation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Instrumental Motivation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Self-Determination Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Personality Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Risk-Taking
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anxiety
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Extroversion
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Learning Context
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Formal Instruction
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Classroom Learning
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Explicit Instruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Natural Acquisition
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Immersion Contexts
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Implicit Learning
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Study Abroad
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Authentic Input
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cultural Immersion
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. L2 Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Phonological Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Accent Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Perceptual Learning
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Lexical Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vocabulary Acquisition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Semantic Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Morphosyntactic Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Developmental Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Processing Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pragmatic Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pragmatic Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Intercultural Competence

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  9. Psycholinguistics: Language and the Mind