Introduction to Linguistics

  1. Pragmatics: Language in Context
    1. Speech Act Theory
      1. Austin's Theory
        1. Performative Utterances
          1. Constative Utterances
            1. Performative Hypothesis
            2. Searle's Classification
              1. Locutionary Acts
                1. Phonetic Acts
                  1. Phatic Acts
                    1. Rhetic Acts
                    2. Illocutionary Acts
                      1. Illocutionary Force
                        1. Felicity Conditions
                        2. Perlocutionary Acts
                          1. Intended Effects
                            1. Actual Effects
                          2. Types of Speech Acts
                            1. Representatives
                              1. Assertions
                                1. Descriptions
                                  1. Explanations
                                  2. Directives
                                    1. Requests
                                      1. Commands
                                        1. Questions
                                        2. Commissives
                                          1. Promises
                                            1. Threats
                                              1. Offers
                                              2. Expressives
                                                1. Apologies
                                                  1. Thanks
                                                    1. Congratulations
                                                    2. Declarations
                                                      1. Pronouncements
                                                        1. Verdicts
                                                      2. Direct vs. Indirect Speech Acts
                                                        1. Literal Performance
                                                          1. Non-Literal Performance
                                                            1. Conventionalized Indirectness
                                                          2. Conversational Implicature
                                                            1. Grice's Cooperative Principle
                                                              1. Assumption of Cooperation
                                                                1. Rational Communication
                                                                2. Conversational Maxims
                                                                  1. Maxim of Quality
                                                                    1. Truthfulness
                                                                      1. Evidence
                                                                      2. Maxim of Quantity
                                                                        1. Informativeness
                                                                          1. Brevity
                                                                          2. Maxim of Relation
                                                                            1. Relevance
                                                                              1. Topical Coherence
                                                                              2. Maxim of Manner
                                                                                1. Clarity
                                                                                  1. Orderliness
                                                                                    1. Brevity
                                                                                      1. Ambiguity Avoidance
                                                                                    2. Implicature Generation
                                                                                      1. Maxim Violation
                                                                                        1. Flouting vs. Violating
                                                                                          1. Calculating Implicature
                                                                                          2. Types of Implicature
                                                                                            1. Conversational Implicature
                                                                                              1. Generalized Implicature
                                                                                                1. Particularized Implicature
                                                                                                2. Conventional Implicature
                                                                                                  1. Lexical Triggers
                                                                                                    1. Non-Truth-Conditional Meaning
                                                                                                  2. Properties of Implicature
                                                                                                    1. Cancellability
                                                                                                      1. Non-Detachability
                                                                                                        1. Calculability
                                                                                                          1. Non-Conventionality
                                                                                                        2. Reference and Deixis
                                                                                                          1. Referential Expressions
                                                                                                            1. Definite Descriptions
                                                                                                              1. Indefinite Descriptions
                                                                                                                1. Proper Names
                                                                                                                  1. Pronouns
                                                                                                                  2. Deictic Expressions
                                                                                                                    1. Person Deixis
                                                                                                                      1. First Person
                                                                                                                        1. Second Person
                                                                                                                          1. Third Person
                                                                                                                          2. Spatial Deixis
                                                                                                                            1. Proximal Terms
                                                                                                                              1. Distal Terms
                                                                                                                                1. Absolute vs. Relative
                                                                                                                                2. Temporal Deixis
                                                                                                                                  1. Now
                                                                                                                                    1. Then
                                                                                                                                      1. Tense as Deixis
                                                                                                                                      2. Discourse Deixis
                                                                                                                                        1. Textual Reference
                                                                                                                                          1. Metalinguistic Reference
                                                                                                                                          2. Social Deixis
                                                                                                                                            1. Honorifics
                                                                                                                                              1. Social Distance
                                                                                                                                            2. Anaphora
                                                                                                                                              1. Pronominal Anaphora
                                                                                                                                                1. Definite Anaphora
                                                                                                                                                  1. Zero Anaphora
                                                                                                                                                    1. Cataphora
                                                                                                                                                  2. Politeness Theory
                                                                                                                                                    1. Face Theory
                                                                                                                                                      1. Positive Face
                                                                                                                                                        1. Approval Needs
                                                                                                                                                          1. Social Acceptance
                                                                                                                                                          2. Negative Face
                                                                                                                                                            1. Freedom Needs
                                                                                                                                                              1. Non-Imposition
                                                                                                                                                            2. Face-Threatening Acts
                                                                                                                                                              1. Threats to Positive Face
                                                                                                                                                                1. Threats to Negative Face
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Politeness Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Positive Politeness
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Solidarity Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                        1. In-Group Membership
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Negative Politeness
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Deference Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Formal Distance
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Off-Record Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Indirect Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ambiguous Utterances
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Bald On-Record
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Direct Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Efficiency Priority
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Cultural Variation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Politeness Norms
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cross-Cultural Differences
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pragmatic Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Discourse Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Discourse Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cohesion
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lexical Cohesion
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Grammatical Cohesion
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Reference Chains
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Coherence
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Semantic Relations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pragmatic Relations
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mental Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Information Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Given vs. New Information
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Topic vs. Comment
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Focus Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Discourse Markers
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Connective Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Organizational Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Interpersonal Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Conversation Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Turn-Taking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Turn Construction Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Transition Relevance Places
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Turn Allocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Adjacency Pairs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. First Pair Parts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Second Pair Parts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Preferred vs. Dispreferred Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Repair Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Self-Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Other-Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Repair Initiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Sequence Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Opening Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Closing Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Topic Management

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    6. Semantics: The Meaning of Language

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    8. Language Acquisition