Introduction to Linguistics

  1. Phonology: The Sound Systems of Language
    1. Phonemes and Allophones
      1. The Phoneme Concept
        1. Abstract Sound Units
          1. Contrastive Function
            1. Mental Representations
            2. Identifying Phonemes
              1. Minimal Pairs
                1. Meaning Distinctions
                  1. Sound Contrasts
                  2. Near-Minimal Pairs
                    1. Analogous Environments
                      1. Systematic Gaps
                      2. Complementary Distribution
                        1. Mutually Exclusive Environments
                          1. Predictable Variation
                        2. Allophonic Variation
                          1. Phonetic Realizations
                            1. Conditioned Variants
                              1. Free Variation
                                1. Optional Alternation
                                  1. Stylistic Differences
                                2. Phonological Analysis
                                  1. Distribution Patterns
                                    1. Environmental Conditioning
                                      1. Phonemic vs. Allophonic Status
                                    2. Phonological Processes
                                      1. Assimilation
                                        1. Progressive Assimilation
                                          1. Regressive Assimilation
                                            1. Coalescent Assimilation
                                              1. Types of Features Affected
                                                1. Place Assimilation
                                                  1. Manner Assimilation
                                                    1. Voicing Assimilation
                                                  2. Dissimilation
                                                    1. Feature Differentiation
                                                      1. Avoidance of Similarity
                                                      2. Insertion Processes
                                                        1. Epenthesis
                                                          1. Vowel Insertion
                                                            1. Consonant Insertion
                                                            2. Prothesis
                                                              1. Word-Initial Insertion
                                                            3. Deletion Processes
                                                              1. Elision
                                                                1. Vowel Deletion
                                                                  1. Consonant Deletion
                                                                  2. Apocope
                                                                    1. Final Deletion
                                                                    2. Syncope
                                                                      1. Medial Deletion
                                                                    3. Metathesis
                                                                      1. Sound Reordering
                                                                        1. Historical Change
                                                                        2. Strengthening and Weakening
                                                                          1. Fortition
                                                                            1. Lenition
                                                                          2. Phonological Rules
                                                                            1. Rule Formulation
                                                                              1. Structural Descriptions
                                                                                1. Environmental Specifications
                                                                                  1. Feature-Based Rules
                                                                                  2. Rule Types
                                                                                    1. Categorical Rules
                                                                                      1. Variable Rules
                                                                                        1. Gradient Rules
                                                                                        2. Rule Ordering
                                                                                          1. Sequential Application
                                                                                            1. Feeding and Bleeding
                                                                                              1. Counterfeeding and Counterbleeding
                                                                                              2. Rule Interactions
                                                                                                1. Opacity
                                                                                                  1. Transparency
                                                                                                2. Syllable Structure
                                                                                                  1. Syllable Components
                                                                                                    1. Onset
                                                                                                      1. Initial Consonants
                                                                                                        1. Onset Clusters
                                                                                                        2. Nucleus
                                                                                                          1. Vowel Core
                                                                                                            1. Syllabic Consonants
                                                                                                            2. Coda
                                                                                                              1. Final Consonants
                                                                                                                1. Coda Clusters
                                                                                                                2. Rhyme
                                                                                                                  1. Nucleus-Coda Unit
                                                                                                                3. Syllable Types
                                                                                                                  1. Open Syllables
                                                                                                                    1. Closed Syllables
                                                                                                                      1. Heavy vs. Light Syllables
                                                                                                                      2. Phonotactic Constraints
                                                                                                                        1. Permissible Sound Sequences
                                                                                                                          1. Language-Specific Restrictions
                                                                                                                            1. Universal Tendencies
                                                                                                                            2. Syllabification
                                                                                                                              1. Syllable Boundary Assignment
                                                                                                                                1. Ambisyllabicity
                                                                                                                                  1. Resyllabification
                                                                                                                                2. Prosodic Phonology
                                                                                                                                  1. Stress Systems
                                                                                                                                    1. Word Stress
                                                                                                                                      1. Primary Stress
                                                                                                                                        1. Secondary Stress
                                                                                                                                          1. Stress Placement Rules
                                                                                                                                          2. Stress Patterns
                                                                                                                                            1. Fixed Stress
                                                                                                                                              1. Variable Stress
                                                                                                                                                1. Weight-Sensitive Stress
                                                                                                                                              2. Tone Systems
                                                                                                                                                1. Level Tones
                                                                                                                                                  1. High Tone
                                                                                                                                                    1. Mid Tone
                                                                                                                                                      1. Low Tone
                                                                                                                                                      2. Contour Tones
                                                                                                                                                        1. Rising Tone
                                                                                                                                                          1. Falling Tone
                                                                                                                                                            1. Complex Contours
                                                                                                                                                            2. Tone Rules
                                                                                                                                                              1. Tone Spreading
                                                                                                                                                                1. Tone Sandhi
                                                                                                                                                              2. Intonation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Intonational Phrases
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pitch Accents
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Boundary Tones
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions of Intonation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Grammatical Functions
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pragmatic Functions
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Phonological Theory
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Generative Phonology
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rule-Based Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Underlying Representations
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Autosegmental Phonology
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Feature Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tier-Based Representations
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Optimality Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Constraint-Based Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Constraint Ranking

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                                                                                                                                                                                2. Phonetics: The Sounds of Language

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                                                                                                                                                                                4. Morphology: The Structure of Words