Introduction to Linguistics

4.

Morphology: The Structure of Words

4.1.

Morphemes: Basic Units

4.1.1.

Identifying Morphemes

4.1.1.1.

Segmentation Procedures

4.1.1.2.

Morpheme Boundaries

4.1.1.3.

Morphological Analysis

4.1.2.

Types of Morphemes

4.1.2.1.

4.1.2.1.1.

Lexical Morphemes

4.1.2.1.1.1.

4.1.2.1.1.2.

4.1.2.1.1.3.

4.1.2.1.1.4.

4.1.2.1.2.

Functional Morphemes

4.1.2.1.2.1.

4.1.2.1.2.2.

4.1.2.1.2.3.

4.1.2.1.2.4.

4.1.2.1.2.5.

Auxiliary Verbs

4.1.2.2.

Bound Morphemes

4.1.2.2.1.

4.1.2.2.1.1.

4.1.2.2.1.2.

4.1.2.2.1.3.

4.1.2.2.1.4.

4.1.2.2.2.

4.1.2.2.2.1.

4.1.2.2.2.2.

4.1.3.

Morpheme Functions

4.1.3.1.

Derivational Morphemes

4.1.3.1.1.

Category-Changing Derivation

4.1.3.1.2.

Category-Preserving Derivation

4.1.3.1.3.

Semantic Modification

4.1.3.2.

Inflectional Morphemes

4.1.3.2.1.

Grammatical Information

4.1.3.2.2.

Syntactic Requirements

4.1.3.2.3.

Paradigmatic Relations

4.2.

Word Formation Processes

4.2.1.

4.2.1.1.

4.2.1.1.1.

4.2.1.1.2.

Productivity Patterns

4.2.1.2.

4.2.1.2.1.

Derivational Suffixes

4.2.1.2.2.

Inflectional Suffixes

4.2.1.3.

4.2.1.3.1.

Internal Modification

4.2.1.3.2.

Positional Constraints

4.2.1.4.

4.2.1.4.1.

Discontinuous Affixes

4.2.1.4.2.

Simultaneous Attachment

4.2.2.

4.2.2.1.

4.2.2.1.1.

Endocentric Compounds

4.2.2.1.2.

Exocentric Compounds

4.2.2.1.3.

Copulative Compounds

4.2.2.2.

Compound Structure

4.2.2.2.1.

Head-Modifier Relations

4.2.2.2.2.

Compound Stress

4.2.2.3.

Semantic Relations

4.2.2.3.1.

Modifier-Head Relations

4.2.2.3.2.

Coordinate Relations

4.2.3.

4.2.3.1.

Full Reduplication

4.2.3.1.1.

Complete Copying

4.2.3.1.2.

Semantic Functions

4.2.3.2.

Partial Reduplication

4.2.3.2.1.

Syllable Copying

4.2.3.2.2.

Segmental Copying

4.2.3.3.

Functions of Reduplication

4.2.3.3.1.

4.2.3.3.2.

Intensification

4.2.3.3.3.

4.2.4.

Internal Modification

4.2.4.1.

4.2.4.1.1.

Vowel Alternation

4.2.4.1.2.

Morphological Conditioning

4.2.4.2.

4.2.4.2.1.

Vowel Harmony Effects

4.2.4.2.2.

Historical Development

4.2.5.

4.2.5.1.

Irregular Forms

4.2.5.2.

Lexical Replacement

4.2.5.3.

Degrees of Suppletion

4.2.6.

Minor Processes

4.2.6.1.

4.2.6.1.1.

Shortening Processes

4.2.6.1.2.

Informal Register

4.2.6.2.

4.2.6.2.1.

Portmanteau Words

4.2.6.2.2.

Morphological Fusion

4.2.6.3.

4.2.6.3.1.

Abbreviation Processes

4.2.6.3.2.

Pronunciation Patterns

4.2.6.4.

4.2.6.4.1.

Reverse Derivation

4.2.6.4.2.

Analogical Creation

4.2.6.5.

4.2.6.5.1.

Zero Derivation

4.2.6.5.2.

Category Change

4.3.

Morphological Structure

4.3.1.

Hierarchical Organization

4.3.1.1.

Morphological Trees

4.3.1.2.

Layered Structure

4.3.1.3.

Scope Relations

4.3.2.

4.3.2.1.

4.3.2.2.

Morphotactic Constraints

4.3.2.3.

Universal Tendencies

4.3.3.

4.3.3.1.

Phonologically Conditioned Allomorphy

4.3.3.2.

Morphologically Conditioned Allomorphy

4.3.3.3.

Lexically Conditioned Allomorphy

4.3.3.4.

Suppletive Allomorphy

4.4.

Inflectional Morphology

4.4.1.

Inflectional Categories

4.4.1.1.

Nominal Inflection

4.4.1.1.1.

4.4.1.1.2.

4.4.1.1.3.

4.4.1.1.4.

4.4.1.2.

Verbal Inflection

4.4.1.2.1.

4.4.1.2.2.

4.4.1.2.3.

4.4.1.2.4.

4.4.1.2.5.

4.4.2.

4.4.2.1.

Inflectional Paradigms

4.4.2.2.

Paradigm Structure

4.4.2.3.

Defective Paradigms

4.4.3.

4.4.3.1.

4.4.3.2.

Systematic Patterns

4.5.

Morphological Typology

4.5.1.

Analytic Languages

4.5.1.1.

Morpheme-Word Ratio

4.5.1.2.

Syntactic Expression

4.5.2.

Synthetic Languages

4.5.2.1.

Agglutinating Languages

4.5.2.1.1.

Transparent Morpheme Boundaries

4.5.2.1.2.

One-to-One Correspondence

4.5.2.2.

Fusional Languages

4.5.2.2.1.

Morpheme Fusion

4.5.2.2.2.

Cumulative Exponence

4.5.3.

Polysynthetic Languages

4.5.3.1.

Complex Word Structure

4.5.3.2.

Sentence-Like Words

4.5.4.

Morphological Complexity

4.5.4.1.

Synthesis Index

4.5.4.2.

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3. Phonology: The Sound Systems of Language

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5. Syntax: The Structure of Sentences