Introduction to Linguistics

  1. Syntax: The Structure of Sentences
    1. Foundational Concepts
      1. Grammaticality
        1. Grammaticality Judgments
          1. Native Speaker Intuitions
            1. Degrees of Acceptability
            2. Syntactic Categories
              1. Lexical Categories
                1. Nouns
                  1. Common Nouns
                    1. Proper Nouns
                      1. Count vs. Mass Nouns
                      2. Verbs
                        1. Transitive Verbs
                          1. Intransitive Verbs
                            1. Ditransitive Verbs
                            2. Adjectives
                              1. Attributive Adjectives
                                1. Predicative Adjectives
                                2. Adverbs
                                  1. Manner Adverbs
                                    1. Time Adverbs
                                      1. Place Adverbs
                                    2. Functional Categories
                                      1. Determiners
                                        1. Articles
                                          1. Demonstratives
                                            1. Quantifiers
                                            2. Pronouns
                                              1. Personal Pronouns
                                                1. Reflexive Pronouns
                                                  1. Relative Pronouns
                                                  2. Prepositions
                                                    1. Spatial Prepositions
                                                      1. Temporal Prepositions
                                                      2. Conjunctions
                                                        1. Coordinating Conjunctions
                                                          1. Subordinating Conjunctions
                                                          2. Auxiliary Verbs
                                                            1. Aspectual Auxiliaries
                                                        2. Word Order Typology
                                                          1. Basic Word Order
                                                            1. Subject-Verb-Object
                                                              1. Subject-Object-Verb
                                                                1. Verb-Subject-Object
                                                                  1. Verb-Object-Subject
                                                                    1. Object-Verb-Subject
                                                                      1. Object-Subject-Verb
                                                                      2. Correlations with Word Order
                                                                        1. Head-Complement Order
                                                                          1. Modifier-Head Order
                                                                      3. Phrase Structure
                                                                        1. Constituency
                                                                          1. The Concept of Constituents
                                                                            1. Hierarchical Organization
                                                                              1. Tests for Constituency
                                                                                1. Substitution Test
                                                                                  1. Movement Test
                                                                                    1. Coordination Test
                                                                                      1. Fragment Test
                                                                                    2. Phrase Types
                                                                                      1. Noun Phrases
                                                                                        1. Head Nouns
                                                                                          1. Determiners
                                                                                            1. Adjective Modifiers
                                                                                              1. Prepositional Phrase Modifiers
                                                                                                1. Relative Clauses
                                                                                                2. Verb Phrases
                                                                                                  1. Head Verbs
                                                                                                    1. Direct Objects
                                                                                                      1. Indirect Objects
                                                                                                        1. Adverbial Modifiers
                                                                                                        2. Adjective Phrases
                                                                                                          1. Head Adjectives
                                                                                                            1. Degree Modifiers
                                                                                                              1. Complement Clauses
                                                                                                              2. Adverb Phrases
                                                                                                                1. Head Adverbs
                                                                                                                  1. Degree Modifiers
                                                                                                                  2. Prepositional Phrases
                                                                                                                    1. Head Prepositions
                                                                                                                      1. Noun Phrase Complements
                                                                                                                    2. Phrase Structure Rules
                                                                                                                      1. Context-Free Rules
                                                                                                                        1. Recursive Rules
                                                                                                                          1. Optional Elements
                                                                                                                            1. Alternative Structures
                                                                                                                            2. Tree Diagrams
                                                                                                                              1. Hierarchical Representation
                                                                                                                                1. Nodes and Branches
                                                                                                                                  1. Terminal and Non-Terminal Nodes
                                                                                                                                    1. Dominance Relations
                                                                                                                                      1. Precedence Relations
                                                                                                                                      2. X-Bar Theory
                                                                                                                                        1. Uniform Phrase Structure
                                                                                                                                          1. Head-Complement Relations
                                                                                                                                            1. Specifier-Head Relations
                                                                                                                                              1. Adjunction Structures
                                                                                                                                            2. Grammatical Relations
                                                                                                                                              1. Core Arguments
                                                                                                                                                1. Subject
                                                                                                                                                  1. Grammatical Subject
                                                                                                                                                    1. Logical Subject
                                                                                                                                                      1. Subject Properties
                                                                                                                                                      2. Direct Object
                                                                                                                                                        1. Accusative Objects
                                                                                                                                                          1. Object Properties
                                                                                                                                                          2. Indirect Object
                                                                                                                                                            1. Dative Objects
                                                                                                                                                              1. Benefactive Objects
                                                                                                                                                            2. Oblique Arguments
                                                                                                                                                              1. Prepositional Objects
                                                                                                                                                                1. Locative Arguments
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temporal Arguments
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Predicate
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Verbal Predicates
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nominal Predicates
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Adjectival Predicates
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sentence Types
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Declarative Sentences
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Statement Function
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Canonical Word Order
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Interrogative Sentences
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Yes-No Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Auxiliary Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Question Particles
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Wh-Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wh-Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wh-in-Situ
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Alternative Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tag Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Imperative Sentences
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Command Function
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Subject Deletion
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Imperative Markers
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Exclamative Sentences
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Exclamatory Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Exclamative Markers
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Complex Sentences
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Coordinating Conjunctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Coordinate Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Coordination Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Subordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Complement Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. That-Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Infinitive Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gerund Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Relative Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Restrictive Relatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Non-Restrictive Relatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Relative Pronouns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Adverbial Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Time Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Conditional Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Causal Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Syntactic Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Movement Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wh-Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Question Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Relative Clause Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Topicalization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Focus Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Topic-Comment Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Passivization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Passive Voice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Agent Demotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Patient Promotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Agreement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Subject-Verb Agreement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Determiner-Noun Agreement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Adjective-Noun Agreement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Case Assignment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nominative Case
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Accusative Case
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Genitive Case
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dative Case
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Syntactic Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structural Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Attachment Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Scope Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Coordination Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Lexical Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Word Sense Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Category Ambiguity

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            4. Morphology: The Structure of Words

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            6. Semantics: The Meaning of Language