Introduction to Linguistics

  1. Sociolinguistics: Language and Society
    1. Language Variation
      1. Types of Variation
        1. Regional Variation
          1. Dialects
            1. Geographic Distribution
              1. Dialect Boundaries
                1. Isoglosses
                2. Accents
                  1. Pronunciation Differences
                    1. Regional Accents
                  2. Social Variation
                    1. Socioeconomic Class
                      1. Class-Based Differences
                        1. Linguistic Markers
                          1. Social Mobility
                          2. Gender
                            1. Gender-Based Patterns
                              1. Language and Identity
                                1. Gendered Speech Styles
                                2. Age
                                  1. Age Grading
                                    1. Generational Change
                                      1. Youth Language
                                      2. Ethnicity
                                        1. Ethnic Varieties
                                          1. Identity Markers
                                            1. Code-Switching
                                          2. Stylistic Variation
                                            1. Register
                                              1. Formal vs. Informal
                                                1. Situational Appropriateness
                                                2. Genre
                                                  1. Text Types
                                                    1. Discourse Conventions
                                                3. Variationist Sociolinguistics
                                                  1. Quantitative Methods
                                                    1. Variable Rules
                                                      1. Statistical Analysis
                                                        1. Correlation Studies
                                                        2. Social Networks
                                                          1. Network Density
                                                            1. Network Multiplexity
                                                              1. Weak vs. Strong Ties
                                                              2. Communities of Practice
                                                                1. Shared Practices
                                                                  1. Identity Construction
                                                                    1. Local Meanings
                                                                2. Language Contact
                                                                  1. Bilingualism and Multilingualism
                                                                    1. Individual Bilingualism
                                                                      1. Balanced vs. Dominant
                                                                        1. Coordinate vs. Compound
                                                                          1. Sequential vs. Simultaneous
                                                                          2. Societal Multilingualism
                                                                            1. Diglossia
                                                                              1. High vs. Low Varieties
                                                                                1. Functional Distribution
                                                                                2. Polyglossia
                                                                                  1. Multiple Languages
                                                                                    1. Complex Hierarchies
                                                                                3. Code-Switching
                                                                                  1. Types of Code-Switching
                                                                                    1. Intersentential Switching
                                                                                      1. Intrasentential Switching
                                                                                        1. Tag Switching
                                                                                        2. Motivations for Switching
                                                                                          1. Situational Switching
                                                                                            1. Metaphorical Switching
                                                                                              1. Identity Expression
                                                                                              2. Constraints on Switching
                                                                                                1. Grammatical Constraints
                                                                                                  1. Social Constraints
                                                                                                2. Language Contact Outcomes
                                                                                                  1. Borrowing
                                                                                                    1. Lexical Borrowing
                                                                                                      1. Structural Borrowing
                                                                                                        1. Calquing
                                                                                                        2. Pidgins
                                                                                                          1. Contact Languages
                                                                                                            1. Simplified Structure
                                                                                                              1. Limited Functions
                                                                                                              2. Creoles
                                                                                                                1. Nativized Pidgins
                                                                                                                  1. Full Languages
                                                                                                                    1. Creolization Process
                                                                                                                    2. Language Shift
                                                                                                                      1. Domain Loss
                                                                                                                        1. Intergenerational Transmission
                                                                                                                          1. Language Death
                                                                                                                          2. Language Maintenance
                                                                                                                            1. Vitality Factors
                                                                                                                              1. Revitalization Efforts
                                                                                                                          3. Language Attitudes and Ideologies
                                                                                                                            1. Language Attitudes
                                                                                                                              1. Attitude Components
                                                                                                                                1. Cognitive Component
                                                                                                                                  1. Affective Component
                                                                                                                                    1. Behavioral Component
                                                                                                                                    2. Attitude Measurement
                                                                                                                                      1. Direct Methods
                                                                                                                                        1. Indirect Methods
                                                                                                                                          1. Matched Guise Technique
                                                                                                                                        2. Language Ideologies
                                                                                                                                          1. Standard Language Ideology
                                                                                                                                            1. Standardization Process
                                                                                                                                              1. Prescriptive Norms
                                                                                                                                                1. Linguistic Authority
                                                                                                                                                2. Monolingual Ideology
                                                                                                                                                  1. One Nation, One Language
                                                                                                                                                    1. Linguistic Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                    2. Language Hierarchies
                                                                                                                                                      1. Prestige Languages
                                                                                                                                                        1. Stigmatized Varieties
                                                                                                                                                          1. Linguistic Capital
                                                                                                                                                        2. Language and Identity
                                                                                                                                                          1. Individual Identity
                                                                                                                                                            1. Personal Identity Construction
                                                                                                                                                              1. Linguistic Resources
                                                                                                                                                              2. Group Identity
                                                                                                                                                                1. Ethnic Identity
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Regional Identity
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Social Class Identity
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Identity Performance
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Style-Shifting
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Accommodation Theory
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Audience Design
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Language Planning and Policy
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Language Planning Types
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Status Planning
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Official Language Designation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Language Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Domain Allocation
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Corpus Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Standardization
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Modernization
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Graphization
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Acquisition Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Educational Policy
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Language Teaching
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Literacy Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Language Policy Contexts
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. National Language Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Monolingual Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Multilingual Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Language-in-Education Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Minority Language Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Indigenous Languages
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Immigrant Languages
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sign Languages
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Language Revitalization
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Endangered Languages
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Language Vitality Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Documentation Efforts
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Revitalization Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Community-Based Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Educational Initiatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Technology Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Success Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Community Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Intergenerational Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Domain Expansion

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  11. Historical Linguistics: Language Change