Introduction to Linguistics

  1. Phonetics: The Sounds of Language
    1. Articulatory Phonetics
      1. The Vocal Tract
        1. Respiratory System
          1. Lungs and Airflow
            1. Breathing for Speech
            2. Larynx and Phonation
              1. Vocal Folds
                1. Glottis
                  1. Voice Production
                  2. Oral Cavity
                    1. Tongue
                      1. Teeth
                        1. Lips
                          1. Alveolar Ridge
                          2. Nasal Cavity
                            1. Nasal Passages
                              1. Velum
                                1. Nasal Resonance
                                2. Pharynx
                                  1. Pharyngeal Space
                                    1. Pharyngeal Articulation
                                  2. Consonant Production
                                    1. Place of Articulation
                                      1. Bilabial
                                        1. Labiodental
                                          1. Dental
                                            1. Alveolar
                                              1. Postalveolar
                                                1. Retroflex
                                                  1. Palatal
                                                    1. Velar
                                                      1. Uvular
                                                        1. Pharyngeal
                                                          1. Glottal
                                                          2. Manner of Articulation
                                                            1. Stops
                                                              1. Complete Closure
                                                                1. Release Burst
                                                                2. Fricatives
                                                                  1. Turbulent Airflow
                                                                    1. Constriction
                                                                    2. Affricates
                                                                      1. Stop-Fricative Combination
                                                                        1. Sequential Articulation
                                                                        2. Nasals
                                                                          1. Nasal Airflow
                                                                            1. Oral Closure
                                                                            2. Liquids
                                                                              1. Lateral Sounds
                                                                                1. Rhotic Sounds
                                                                                2. Glides
                                                                                  1. Vowel-Like Consonants
                                                                                    1. Rapid Articulatory Movement
                                                                                  2. Voicing
                                                                                    1. Voiced Sounds
                                                                                      1. Vocal Fold Vibration
                                                                                        1. Voicing Onset Time
                                                                                        2. Voiceless Sounds
                                                                                          1. No Vocal Fold Vibration
                                                                                            1. Aspiration
                                                                                          2. Secondary Articulations
                                                                                            1. Palatalization
                                                                                              1. Velarization
                                                                                                1. Pharyngealization
                                                                                                  1. Labialization
                                                                                                2. Vowel Production
                                                                                                  1. Vowel Height
                                                                                                    1. High Vowels
                                                                                                      1. Mid Vowels
                                                                                                        1. Low Vowels
                                                                                                          1. Tongue Position
                                                                                                          2. Vowel Backness
                                                                                                            1. Front Vowels
                                                                                                              1. Central Vowels
                                                                                                                1. Back Vowels
                                                                                                                  1. Horizontal Tongue Position
                                                                                                                  2. Lip Rounding
                                                                                                                    1. Rounded Vowels
                                                                                                                      1. Unrounded Vowels
                                                                                                                        1. Lip Configuration
                                                                                                                        2. Tenseness
                                                                                                                          1. Tense Vowels
                                                                                                                            1. Lax Vowels
                                                                                                                              1. Muscular Tension
                                                                                                                              2. Nasalization
                                                                                                                                1. Nasal Vowels
                                                                                                                                  1. Oral Vowels
                                                                                                                                    1. Velum Position
                                                                                                                                  2. Complex Sounds
                                                                                                                                    1. Diphthongs
                                                                                                                                      1. Vowel Glides
                                                                                                                                        1. Articulatory Movement
                                                                                                                                          1. Monophthongs vs. Diphthongs
                                                                                                                                          2. Triphthongs
                                                                                                                                            1. Three-Element Vowel Sequences
                                                                                                                                              1. Complex Gliding
                                                                                                                                          3. Acoustic Phonetics
                                                                                                                                            1. Sound Wave Properties
                                                                                                                                              1. Waveform Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                1. Amplitude
                                                                                                                                                  1. Frequency
                                                                                                                                                    1. Phase
                                                                                                                                                    2. Periodic vs. Aperiodic Sounds
                                                                                                                                                      1. Regular Vibration Patterns
                                                                                                                                                        1. Irregular Vibration Patterns
                                                                                                                                                      2. Frequency and Pitch
                                                                                                                                                        1. Fundamental Frequency
                                                                                                                                                          1. Vocal Fold Vibration Rate
                                                                                                                                                            1. Pitch Perception
                                                                                                                                                            2. Harmonics
                                                                                                                                                              1. Overtones
                                                                                                                                                                1. Harmonic Series
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spectral Structure
                                                                                                                                                                2. Amplitude and Loudness
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sound Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Decibel Scale
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Amplitude Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Loudness Perception
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Psychoacoustic Factors
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Frequency-Dependent Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Acoustic Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spectrograms
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Time-Frequency Representation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reading Spectrograms
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Acoustic Landmarks
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Formants
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Resonant Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vowel Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Formant Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Voice Onset Time
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Consonant Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Voicing Distinctions
                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Auditory Phonetics
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Speech Perception
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Auditory Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Categorical Perception
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Perceptual Constancy
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Psychoacoustic Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Frequency Discrimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Amplitude Discrimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Temporal Resolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. The International Phonetic Alphabet
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. IPA Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. One Symbol per Sound
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Universal Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Systematic Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Consonant Chart
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Place-Manner Grid
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Voicing Distinctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Symbol Conventions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Vowel Chart
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vowel Quadrilateral
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cardinal Vowels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Primary and Secondary Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Diacritics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Modification Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Aspiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nasalization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tone Marks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Suprasegmental Notation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stress Marks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tone Symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Intonation Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Transcription Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Broad Transcription
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Phonemic Level
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Basic Distinctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Narrow Transcription
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Phonetic Detail
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Allophonic Variation

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Phonology: The Sound Systems of Language