Introduction to Linguistics

  1. Semantics: The Meaning of Language
    1. Lexical Semantics
      1. Word Meaning
        1. Sense and Reference
          1. Intension vs. Extension
            1. Referential vs. Non-Referential Expressions
            2. Denotation and Connotation
              1. Literal Meaning
                1. Associated Meanings
                2. Semantic Features
                  1. Componential Analysis
                    1. Binary Features
                      1. Semantic Primitives
                    2. Lexical Relations
                      1. Paradigmatic Relations
                        1. Synonymy
                          1. Complete Synonymy
                            1. Partial Synonymy
                              1. Contextual Synonymy
                              2. Antonymy
                                1. Gradable Antonyms
                                  1. Complementary Antonyms
                                    1. Relational Antonyms
                                      1. Directional Antonyms
                                      2. Hyponymy
                                        1. Superordinate Terms
                                          1. Subordinate Terms
                                            1. Co-hyponyms
                                            2. Meronymy
                                              1. Part-Whole Relations
                                                1. Holonymy
                                              2. Syntagmatic Relations
                                                1. Selectional Restrictions
                                                  1. Collocational Patterns
                                                    1. Semantic Roles
                                                  2. Polysemy and Homonymy
                                                    1. Polysemy
                                                      1. Metaphorical Extensions
                                                        1. Metonymic Extensions
                                                        2. Homonymy
                                                          1. Unrelated Meanings
                                                            1. Accidental Similarity
                                                            2. Distinguishing Polysemy and Homonymy
                                                            3. Semantic Change
                                                              1. Types of Semantic Change
                                                                1. Broadening
                                                                  1. Narrowing
                                                                    1. Amelioration
                                                                      1. Pejoration
                                                                      2. Mechanisms of Change
                                                                        1. Metaphor
                                                                          1. Metonymy
                                                                            1. Semantic Bleaching
                                                                        2. Compositional Semantics
                                                                          1. Principle of Compositionality
                                                                            1. Meaning Composition
                                                                              1. Systematic Interpretation
                                                                                1. Exceptions to Compositionality
                                                                                2. Truth-Conditional Semantics
                                                                                  1. Truth Conditions
                                                                                    1. Possible Worlds
                                                                                      1. Truth Values
                                                                                      2. Logical Relations
                                                                                        1. Entailment
                                                                                          1. Logical Consequence
                                                                                            1. Semantic Entailment
                                                                                            2. Contradiction
                                                                                              1. Logical Inconsistency
                                                                                                1. Semantic Contradiction
                                                                                                2. Tautology
                                                                                                  1. Logical Truth
                                                                                                    1. Analytic Statements
                                                                                                  2. Presupposition
                                                                                                    1. Semantic Presupposition
                                                                                                      1. Pragmatic Presupposition
                                                                                                        1. Presupposition Triggers
                                                                                                          1. Presupposition Projection
                                                                                                          2. Quantification
                                                                                                            1. Quantifiers
                                                                                                              1. Universal Quantifiers
                                                                                                                1. Existential Quantifiers
                                                                                                                  1. Generalized Quantifiers
                                                                                                                  2. Scope Relations
                                                                                                                    1. Quantifier Scope
                                                                                                                      1. Scope Ambiguity
                                                                                                                        1. Scope Interactions
                                                                                                                      2. Modality
                                                                                                                        1. Types of Modality
                                                                                                                          1. Epistemic Modality
                                                                                                                            1. Deontic Modality
                                                                                                                              1. Dynamic Modality
                                                                                                                          2. Thematic Relations
                                                                                                                            1. Argument Structure
                                                                                                                              1. Predicate-Argument Relations
                                                                                                                                1. Argument Realization
                                                                                                                                  1. Linking Theory
                                                                                                                                  2. Thematic Roles
                                                                                                                                    1. Agent
                                                                                                                                      1. Volitional Actor
                                                                                                                                        1. Causer of Action
                                                                                                                                        2. Patient
                                                                                                                                          1. Affected Entity
                                                                                                                                            1. Undergoer of Change
                                                                                                                                            2. Theme
                                                                                                                                              1. Moving Entity
                                                                                                                                                1. Located Entity
                                                                                                                                                2. Experiencer
                                                                                                                                                  1. Psychological Subject
                                                                                                                                                    1. Perceiver
                                                                                                                                                    2. Goal
                                                                                                                                                      1. Endpoint of Motion
                                                                                                                                                        1. Recipient
                                                                                                                                                        2. Source
                                                                                                                                                          1. Starting Point
                                                                                                                                                            1. Origin
                                                                                                                                                            2. Location
                                                                                                                                                              1. Spatial Setting
                                                                                                                                                                1. Temporal Setting
                                                                                                                                                                2. Instrument
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Means of Action
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tool
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Beneficiary
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Benefited Entity
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Purpose
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Thematic Hierarchies
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Role Prominence
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Subject Selection
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Object Selection
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Event Semantics
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Event Structure
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Event Types
                                                                                                                                                                                1. States
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Accomplishments
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Achievements
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Event Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aspectual Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Temporal Semantics
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tense
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Past Tense
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Present Tense
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Future Tense
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Aspect
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Perfective Aspect
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Imperfective Aspect
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Progressive Aspect

                                                                                                                                                                                                Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                5. Syntax: The Structure of Sentences

                                                                                                                                                                                                Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                7. Pragmatics: Language in Context