Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Electric and hybrid vehicles represent a transformative category of transportation designed to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. A fully electric vehicle (EV) operates exclusively on electrical energy stored in a rechargeable battery pack, which powers an electric motor and produces zero tailpipe emissions. A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), in contrast, combines a traditional internal combustion engine with an electric motor and a smaller battery, using the electric system to supplement the engine's power and improve overall fuel efficiency. The advancement of these vehicles is a critical area of applied science, integrating innovations in battery chemistry, power electronics, materials science, and software engineering to create more sustainable and efficient modes of personal and commercial mobility.

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2. Vehicle Architectures and Drivetrains