Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

9.

The Urogenital System

9.1.

The Urinary System

9.1.1.

Kidney Structure and Function

9.1.1.1.

Nephron Structure

9.1.1.1.1.

9.1.1.1.2.

9.1.1.1.3.

Collecting Duct

9.1.1.2.

Filtration Process

9.1.1.3.

Reabsorption Process

9.1.1.4.

Secretion Process

9.1.2.

Embryonic Development of the Kidney

9.1.2.1.

9.1.2.1.1.

9.1.2.1.2.

9.1.2.1.3.

9.1.2.2.

9.1.2.2.1.

9.1.2.2.2.

9.1.2.2.3.

9.1.2.3.

9.1.2.3.1.

9.1.2.3.2.

9.1.2.3.3.

9.1.3.

Osmoregulation and Water Balance

9.1.3.1.

Strategies in Aquatic Vertebrates

9.1.3.1.1.

Freshwater Adaptations

9.1.3.1.2.

Marine Adaptations

9.1.3.2.

Strategies in Terrestrial Vertebrates

9.1.3.2.1.

Water Conservation

9.1.3.2.2.

Concentration Mechanisms

9.1.4.

Excretion of Nitrogenous Wastes

9.1.4.1.

9.1.4.1.1.

9.1.4.1.2.

Aquatic Excretion

9.1.4.2.

9.1.4.2.1.

9.1.4.2.2.

Terrestrial Adaptation

9.1.4.3.

9.1.4.3.1.

Water Conservation

9.1.4.3.2.

Reptiles and Birds

9.2.

The Reproductive System

9.2.1.

Reproductive Strategies

9.2.1.1.

9.2.1.1.1.

9.2.1.1.2.

External Development

9.2.1.2.

9.2.1.2.1.

9.2.1.2.2.

Internal Development

9.2.1.3.

9.2.1.3.1.

9.2.1.3.2.

Internal Hatching

9.2.2.

9.2.2.1.

9.2.2.1.1.

9.2.2.1.2.

9.2.2.1.3.

Hormone Production

9.2.2.2.

9.2.2.2.1.

9.2.2.2.2.

9.2.2.2.3.

Hormone Production

9.2.3.

9.2.3.1.

9.2.3.1.1.

Archinephric Duct

9.2.3.1.2.

9.2.3.2.

9.2.3.2.1.

Müllerian Duct

9.2.3.2.2.

9.2.4.

Cloaca and External Genitalia

9.2.4.1.

9.2.4.2.

Variation Among Groups

9.2.4.3.

Functional Adaptations

9.2.5.

Comparative Reproductive Anatomy

9.2.5.1.

Internal Fertilization

9.2.5.1.1.

9.2.5.2.

External Fertilization

9.2.5.2.1.

9.2.5.3.

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

9.2.5.3.1.

Structural Differences

9.2.5.3.2.

Behavioral Adaptations

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8. The Circulatory System

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10. The Nervous System