Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

  1. Early Development and Ontogeny
    1. Gametogenesis and Fertilization
      1. Spermatogenesis
        1. Process and Stages
          1. Sperm Structure
          2. Oogenesis
            1. Process and Stages
              1. Egg Structure
              2. Fertilization Mechanisms
                1. External Fertilization
                  1. Internal Fertilization
                2. Cleavage Patterns
                  1. Holoblastic Cleavage
                    1. Equal Cleavage
                      1. Unequal Cleavage
                      2. Meroblastic Cleavage
                        1. Discoidal Cleavage
                          1. Superficial Cleavage
                          2. Cleavage in Different Vertebrate Groups
                            1. Amphibians
                              1. Reptiles
                                1. Birds
                                  1. Mammals
                                2. Gastrulation and Germ Layer Formation
                                  1. Morphogenetic Movements
                                    1. Invagination
                                      1. Involution
                                        1. Epiboly
                                        2. Ectoderm
                                          1. Formation
                                            1. Epidermis Derivatives
                                              1. Nervous System Derivatives
                                              2. Mesoderm
                                                1. Formation
                                                  1. Muscle Derivatives
                                                    1. Skeleton Derivatives
                                                      1. Circulatory System Derivatives
                                                      2. Endoderm
                                                        1. Formation
                                                          1. Gut Lining Derivatives
                                                            1. Respiratory Tract Derivatives
                                                          2. Neurulation
                                                            1. Formation of the Neural Tube
                                                              1. Neural Plate Formation
                                                                1. Neural Fold Development
                                                                  1. Neural Tube Closure
                                                                  2. Neural Crest Development
                                                                    1. Neural Crest Cell Migration
                                                                      1. Neural Crest Derivatives
                                                                    2. Fate of the Germ Layers
                                                                      1. Organogenesis
                                                                        1. Organ System Development
                                                                          1. Timing of Development
                                                                          2. Tissue Differentiation
                                                                            1. Cell Specialization
                                                                              1. Tissue Organization
                                                                            2. The Pharyngula Stage
                                                                              1. Conserved Features Among Vertebrates
                                                                                1. Phylotypic Stage Concept
                                                                                  1. Developmental Constraints
                                                                                  2. Hox Genes and Body Patterning
                                                                                    1. Hox Gene Clusters
                                                                                      1. Organization
                                                                                        1. Expression Patterns
                                                                                        2. Role in Anterior-Posterior Patterning
                                                                                          1. Evolutionary Changes in Hox Gene Expression
                                                                                            1. Homeotic Transformations

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                                                                                          1. Introduction to Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

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                                                                                          3. The Integumentary System