Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

  1. The Digestive System
    1. Overview of Alimentary Canal Structure
      1. General Plan
        1. Regional Specialization
          1. Wall Structure
          2. The Buccal Cavity
            1. Teeth
              1. Tooth Anatomy and Development
                1. Enamel
                  1. Dentin
                    1. Pulp
                      1. Tooth Formation Process
                      2. Patterns of Tooth Attachment
                        1. Thecodont Attachment
                          1. Acrodont Attachment
                            1. Pleurodont Attachment
                            2. Patterns of Tooth Replacement
                              1. Polyphyodonty
                                1. Diphyodonty
                                  1. Monophyodonty
                                  2. Comparative Dentition
                                    1. Homodont Dentition
                                      1. Heterodont Dentition
                                        1. Specialized Tooth Types
                                      2. The Tongue
                                        1. Structure
                                          1. Function
                                            1. Evolutionary Modifications
                                              1. Muscular Organization
                                              2. Oral Glands
                                                1. Salivary Glands
                                                  1. Mucous Glands
                                                    1. Secretions and Functions
                                                  2. The Pharynx and Its Derivatives
                                                    1. Structure
                                                      1. Function
                                                        1. Evolutionary Modifications
                                                          1. Connection to Respiratory System
                                                          2. The Alimentary Canal
                                                            1. Esophagus
                                                              1. Structure
                                                                1. Function
                                                                  1. Muscular Organization
                                                                  2. Stomach
                                                                    1. Regions
                                                                      1. Adaptations
                                                                        1. Gastric Glands
                                                                        2. Intestines
                                                                          1. Small Intestine
                                                                            1. Duodenum
                                                                              1. Jejunum
                                                                                1. Ileum
                                                                                2. Large Intestine
                                                                                  1. Cecum
                                                                                    1. Colon
                                                                                      1. Rectum
                                                                                      2. Surface Area Adaptations
                                                                                        1. Villi
                                                                                          1. Microvilli
                                                                                            1. Spiral Valve
                                                                                          2. Cloaca
                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                              1. Function
                                                                                                1. Evolutionary Significance
                                                                                              2. Comparative Gut Morphology
                                                                                                1. Fishes
                                                                                                  1. Spiral Valve
                                                                                                    1. Pyloric Ceca
                                                                                                      1. Gut Length Variations
                                                                                                      2. Amphibians
                                                                                                        1. Gut Length and Diet
                                                                                                          1. Metamorphic Changes
                                                                                                          2. Reptiles
                                                                                                            1. Gut Adaptations
                                                                                                              1. Dietary Specializations
                                                                                                              2. Birds
                                                                                                                1. Crop
                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                    1. Function
                                                                                                                    2. Proventriculus
                                                                                                                      1. Glandular Stomach
                                                                                                                      2. Gizzard
                                                                                                                        1. Muscular Stomach
                                                                                                                          1. Grinding Function
                                                                                                                        2. Mammals
                                                                                                                          1. Carnivore Adaptations
                                                                                                                            1. Short Simple Gut
                                                                                                                              1. Rapid Transit
                                                                                                                              2. Herbivore Adaptations
                                                                                                                                1. Foregut Fermenters
                                                                                                                                  1. Ruminant Stomach
                                                                                                                                    1. Fermentation Process
                                                                                                                                    2. Hindgut Fermenters
                                                                                                                                      1. Enlarged Cecum
                                                                                                                                        1. Extended Colon
                                                                                                                                  2. Associated Glands of Digestion
                                                                                                                                    1. Liver
                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                          1. Bile Production
                                                                                                                                            1. Metabolism
                                                                                                                                              1. Detoxification
                                                                                                                                            2. Gallbladder
                                                                                                                                              1. Bile Storage
                                                                                                                                                1. Bile Release
                                                                                                                                                  1. Regulation
                                                                                                                                                  2. Pancreas
                                                                                                                                                    1. Exocrine Functions
                                                                                                                                                      1. Digestive Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                      2. Endocrine Functions
                                                                                                                                                        1. Hormone Production

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                                                                                                                                                  5. The Muscular System

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                                                                                                                                                  7. The Respiratory System