Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

  1. Synthesis of Form Function and Evolution
    1. Major Evolutionary Transitions
      1. The Origin of Vertebrates
        1. Early Chordates
          1. Vertebrate Ancestors
            1. Key Innovations
            2. The Conquest of Land
              1. Anatomical Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
                1. Respiratory Adaptations
                  1. Locomotory Adaptations
                    1. Reproductive Adaptations
                    2. The Amniotic Egg
                      1. Structure
                        1. Significance
                          1. Evolutionary Advantages
                          2. The Evolution of Flight
                            1. Morphological Changes in Birds
                              1. Morphological Changes in Bats
                                1. Convergent Adaptations
                                2. The Evolution of Endothermy
                                  1. Physiological Adaptations
                                    1. Anatomical Adaptations
                                      1. Metabolic Consequences
                                    2. Functional Morphology and Biomechanics
                                      1. Principles of Levers and Forces
                                        1. Lever Systems in Vertebrate Movement
                                          1. Mechanical Advantage
                                            1. Force Transmission
                                            2. Scaling Effects
                                              1. Allometry
                                                1. Isometry
                                                  1. Effects of Size on Structure
                                                    1. Effects of Size on Function
                                                    2. Locomotion in Different Media
                                                      1. Aquatic Locomotion
                                                        1. Swimming Mechanisms
                                                          1. Body Form Adaptations
                                                          2. Terrestrial Locomotion
                                                            1. Walking and Running
                                                              1. Limb Adaptations
                                                              2. Aerial Locomotion
                                                                1. Flight Mechanisms
                                                                  1. Wing Adaptations
                                                              3. Linking Anatomy to Ecology and Phylogeny
                                                                1. Adaptive Radiation
                                                                  1. Ecological Niches
                                                                    1. Morphological Diversification
                                                                    2. Phylogenetic Constraints
                                                                      1. Constraints on Form
                                                                        1. Constraints on Function
                                                                        2. Integrating Comparative Anatomy with Evolutionary History
                                                                          1. Fossil Evidence
                                                                            1. Molecular Evidence
                                                                              1. Developmental Evidence

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                                                                          12. The Endocrine System

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                                                                          1. Introduction to Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy