Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

  1. The Integumentary System
    1. General Structure and Function
      1. Protective Roles
        1. Physical Protection
          1. Chemical Protection
          2. Sensory Functions
            1. Mechanoreception
              1. Thermoreception
              2. Thermoregulation
                1. Heat Conservation
                  1. Heat Dissipation
                  2. Epidermis and Its Derivatives
                    1. Layers of the Epidermis
                      1. Keratinization Process
                        1. Epidermal Specializations
                        2. Dermis and Its Derivatives
                          1. Connective Tissue Structure
                            1. Dermal Bone Formation
                              1. Dermal Specializations
                              2. Hypodermis
                                1. Composition
                                  1. Function
                                    1. Adipose Tissue
                                    2. Chromatophores
                                      1. Melanophores
                                        1. Iridophores
                                          1. Xanthophores
                                            1. Role in Coloration
                                              1. Role in Camouflage
                                            2. Comparative Integument
                                              1. Fishes
                                                1. Mucous Cuticle
                                                  1. Function in Protection
                                                    1. Function in Osmoregulation
                                                      1. Mucus Production
                                                      2. Unicellular Glands
                                                        1. Mucous Cells
                                                          1. Granular Cells
                                                            1. Secretions
                                                            2. Dermal Scales
                                                              1. Cosmoid Scales
                                                                1. Ganoid Scales
                                                                  1. Cycloid Scales
                                                                    1. Ctenoid Scales
                                                                      1. Scale Development
                                                                    2. Amphibians
                                                                      1. Thin Glandular Skin
                                                                        1. Gas Exchange Function
                                                                          1. Moisture Retention
                                                                          2. Leydig Cells
                                                                            1. Antimicrobial Function
                                                                              1. Distribution
                                                                              2. Poison Glands
                                                                                1. Defense Mechanisms
                                                                                  1. Toxin Types
                                                                                  2. Mucous Glands
                                                                                    1. Skin Moisture
                                                                                      1. Protection
                                                                                    2. Reptiles
                                                                                      1. Keratinization and Epidermal Scales
                                                                                        1. Scale Structure
                                                                                          1. Scale Growth
                                                                                            1. Scale Patterns
                                                                                            2. Scutes
                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                1. Function
                                                                                                2. Osteoderms
                                                                                                  1. Dermal Armor
                                                                                                    1. Distribution
                                                                                                    2. Ecdysis
                                                                                                      1. Shedding Process
                                                                                                        1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                          1. Frequency
                                                                                                        2. Birds
                                                                                                          1. Feathers
                                                                                                            1. Feather Structure
                                                                                                              1. Rachis
                                                                                                                1. Barbs
                                                                                                                  1. Barbules
                                                                                                                  2. Feather Types
                                                                                                                    1. Contour Feathers
                                                                                                                      1. Down Feathers
                                                                                                                        1. Filoplumes
                                                                                                                        2. Evolution from Scales
                                                                                                                          1. Feather Development
                                                                                                                          2. Uropygial Gland
                                                                                                                            1. Function in Feather Maintenance
                                                                                                                              1. Secretion Composition
                                                                                                                              2. Beaks
                                                                                                                                1. Keratinized Structure
                                                                                                                                  1. Functional Variations
                                                                                                                                  2. Claws
                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                      2. Scales on Legs
                                                                                                                                        1. Reptilian Heritage
                                                                                                                                      3. Mammals
                                                                                                                                        1. Hair and Fur
                                                                                                                                          1. Hair Structure
                                                                                                                                            1. Growth Cycles
                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                1. Insulation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Sensory Function
                                                                                                                                                    1. Display
                                                                                                                                                  2. Glandular Structures
                                                                                                                                                    1. Sebaceous Glands
                                                                                                                                                      1. Secretion
                                                                                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                                                                                          1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                          2. Sudoriferous Glands
                                                                                                                                                            1. Eccrine Glands
                                                                                                                                                              1. Apocrine Glands
                                                                                                                                                                1. Thermoregulation
                                                                                                                                                                2. Scent Glands
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Communication
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Territorial Marking
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Species Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mammary Glands
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lactation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Epidermal Derivatives
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Claws
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Evolutionary Origin
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Nails
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Hooves
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Locomotion
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Horns
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Antlers
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Shedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Baleen
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Function in Feeding

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                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Early Development and Ontogeny

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                                                                                                                                                                                            4. The Skeletal System